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虧

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 亏
虧 U+8667, 虧
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8667
← 虦
[U+8666] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 虨 →
[U+8668]
虧 U+2F9B5, 虧
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9B5
← 虜
[U+2F9B4] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 虩 →
[U+2F9B6]

Translingual

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Han character

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虧 (Kangxi radical 141, 虍+11, 17 strokes, Cangjie input 卜土一一尸 (YGMMS), four-corner 21227, composition ⿰雐亏(GHTV) or ⿰雐亐(JK))

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1075, character 42
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 32770
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1544, character 22
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2830, character 14
  • Unihan data for U+8667

Chinese

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trad. 虧
simp. 亏*

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 虧
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (虍) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
唬 *qʰraːs, *kʷraːɡ
戲 *qʰral, *qʰrals, *qʰaː
巇 *qʰra
隵 *qʰra
嚱 *qʰras
盧 *b·raː
鑪 *raː
壚 *raː
籚 *raː
蘆 *raː, *ra
顱 *b·raː
髗 *b·raː
鱸 *raː
攎 *raː
櫨 *raː
轤 *raː
黸 *raː
獹 *raː
鸕 *raː
艫 *raː
纑 *raː
瀘 *raː
瓐 *raː
爐 *raː
嚧 *raː
矑 *b·raː
罏 *raː
蠦 *raː
虜 *raːʔ
擄 *raːʔ
艣 *raːʔ
鐪 *raːʔ
虖 *qʰaː, *qʰʷa, *qʰaː, *qʰʷa
虍 *qʰaː
雐 *qʰʷlaː
虎 *qʰlaːʔ
琥 *qʰlaːʔ
萀 *qʰlaːʔ
臚 *b·ra
廬 *ra
驢 *b·ra
藘 *ra
爈 *ra, *ras
櫖 *ra, *ras
儢 *raʔ
慮 *ras
勴 *ras
鑢 *ras
濾 *ras
攄 *r̥ʰa
處 *kʰljaʔ, *kʰljas
豦 *kas, *ɡa
據 *kas
鐻 *kas, *ɡa, *ɡaʔ
澽 *kas, *ɡas
虛 *kʰa, *qʰa
墟 *kʰa
懅 *ɡa
蘧 *ɡa, *ɡʷa
籧 *ɡa
醵 *ɡa, *ɡas, *ɡaɡ
璩 *ɡa
虡 *ɡaʔ
遽 *ɡas
勮 *ɡas
噓 *qʰa, *qʰas
驉 *qʰa
歔 *qʰa
魖 *qʰa
膚 *pla
虧 *kʰʷral
噱 *ɡaɡ
臄 *ɡaɡ
劇 *ɡaɡ
諕 *qʰʷraːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰʷral): phonetic 雐 (OC *qʰʷlaː) + semantic 亏 (“exhale”).

Etymology

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“quecto-”
Phono-semantic matching of English quecto-. Coined by the China National Committee for Terminology in Science and Technology and the State Administration for Market Regulation on World Metrology Day in 2023 (20 May 2023).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • 1chiu - vernacular;
  • 1khue/1khuei - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 虧
Mandarin Beijing /kʰuei⁵⁵/
Harbin /kʰuei⁴⁴/
Tianjin /kʰuei²¹/
Jinan /kʰuei²¹³/
Qingdao /kʰue²¹³/
Zhengzhou /kʰuei²⁴/
Xi'an /kʰuei²¹/
Xining /kʰuɨ⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /kʰuei⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /kʰuei³¹/
Ürümqi /kʰuei⁴⁴/
Wuhan /kʰuei⁵⁵/
Chengdu /kʰuei⁵⁵/
Guiyang /kʰuei⁵⁵/
Kunming /kʰuei⁴⁴/
Nanjing /kʰuəi³¹/
Hefei /kʰue²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /kʰuei¹¹/
Pingyao /kʰuei¹³/
Hohhot /kʰuei³¹/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕʰy⁵³/
/kʰue⁵³/
Suzhou /kʰue̞⁵⁵/
/t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /kʰui³³/
Wenzhou /kʰai³³/
Hui Shexian /kʰue³¹/
Tunxi /t͡ɕʰye¹¹/
/kʰue¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /kʰuei³³/
Xiangtan /kʰuəi³³/
Gan Nanchang /kʰui⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kʰui⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kʰui²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kʰwɐi⁵³/
Nanning /kʰʷɐi⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kʰwɐi⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kʰui⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kʰuoi⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kʰy⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kʰui³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /xui²³/
Rime
Character 虧
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 支 (14)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 去爲切
Baxter khjwe
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kʰˠiuᴇ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʰʷᵚiɛ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kʰiuɛ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kʰjwiə̆/
Li
Rong 		/kʰjue/
Wang
Li 		/kʰǐwe/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kʰwie̯/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		kuī
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		fai1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 虧
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		kuī
Middle
Chinese 		‹ khjwe ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[k]ʷʰ(r)aj/
English diminish

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 虧
Reading # 1/1
No. 5278
Phonetic
component 		虍
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		虧
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰʷral/
Notes 說文虍聲，觀聲母圓脣則於亦聲

Definitions

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虧

  1. to lose; to suffer losses
    虧了一千塊錢／亏了一千块钱  ―  kuī le yīqiān kuài qián  ―  to have lost 1000 yuan
  2. to be lacking; to be deficient
    理虧／理亏  ―  lǐkuī  ―  to be in the wrong
  3. to treat unfairly
  4. luckily; it is fortunate that; thanks to
  5. used to show irony with a note of reproach
  6. (Cantonese) weak; unhealthy
    你有冇咁虧呀，行兩步路就喘晒氣。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    你有冇咁亏呀，行两步路就喘晒气。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    nei5 jau5 mou5 gam3 kwai1 aa3, haang4 loeng5 bou6 lou6 zau6 cyun2 saai3 hei3. [Jyutping]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  7. (Cantonese) not very functional; easy to break
    部電腦虧虧地嘅。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    部电脑亏亏地嘅。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    bou6 din6 nou5 kwai1 kwai1 dei2 ge2. [Jyutping]
    The computer is not functioning well.
  8. [from 2022] (Mainland China) quecto- (SI unit prefix)
    Synonym: 匱 / 匮 (Taiwan)

Synonyms

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  • (to lose):
  • (to be lacking):
  • (to treat unfairly):
  • (luckily):

Antonyms

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  • (antonym(s) of “to lose”): (literary, or in compounds) 盈 (yíng)
  • (antonym(s) of “to treat unfairly”):

Compounds

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See also

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SI prefix
Last
絨/柔 / 绒/柔 匱/虧 / 匮/亏

Japanese

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Kanji

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虧

(Hyōgai kanji)

  1. (of the moon) to wane

Readings

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  • Go-on: き (ki)←くゐ (kwi, historical)
  • Kan-on: き (ki)←くゐ (kwi, historical)
  • Kun: かく (kaku, 虧く)、かける (kakeru, 虧ける)

Korean

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Hanja

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虧 • (hyu) (hangeul 휴, revised hyu, McCune–Reischauer hyu, Yale hyu)

  1. lose, fail
  2. damage
  3. deficient

Vietnamese

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Han character

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虧: Hán Việt readings: khuy[1][2][3][4][5][6]
虧: Nôm readings: khuây[1][2][4][5][6][7], khuy[3][5][6][7], khuya[1][4], quay[1]

  1. chữ Nôm form of khuây (“(chiefly from a psychological burden) relieved; free”)
  2. chữ Nôm form of khuya (“(of night or nightly activities) late”)
  3. chữ Nôm form of quay (“to turn; to revolve; to swivel”)

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hồ (1976).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Bonet (1899).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Génibrel (1898).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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