虜
See also: 虏
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]虜 (Kangxi radical 141, 虍+6, 13 strokes, Cangjie input 卜心田大尸 (YPWKS), four-corner 21227, composition ⿸虍男(GHJV) or ⿸虍⿱毌力(TK) or ⿸虍⿱⿻囗十力(TK))
| Traditional | 虜 |
|---|---|
| Simplified | 虏 |
| Japanese | 虜 |
| Korean | 虜 |
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1074, character 13
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 32710
- Dae Jaweon: page 1542, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2827, character 3
- Unihan data for U+865C
Chinese
[edit]| trad. | 虜 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 虏* | |
Glyph origin
[edit]| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 唬 | *qʰraːs, *kʷraːɡ |
| 戲 | *qʰral, *qʰrals, *qʰaː |
| 巇 | *qʰra |
| 隵 | *qʰra |
| 嚱 | *qʰras |
| 盧 | *b·raː |
| 鑪 | *raː |
| 壚 | *raː |
| 籚 | *raː |
| 蘆 | *raː, *ra |
| 顱 | *b·raː |
| 髗 | *b·raː |
| 鱸 | *raː |
| 攎 | *raː |
| 櫨 | *raː |
| 轤 | *raː |
| 黸 | *raː |
| 獹 | *raː |
| 鸕 | *raː |
| 艫 | *raː |
| 纑 | *raː |
| 瀘 | *raː |
| 瓐 | *raː |
| 爐 | *raː |
| 嚧 | *raː |
| 矑 | *b·raː |
| 罏 | *raː |
| 蠦 | *raː |
| 虜 | *raːʔ |
| 擄 | *raːʔ |
| 艣 | *raːʔ |
| 鐪 | *raːʔ |
| 虖 | *qʰaː, *qʰʷa, *qʰaː, *qʰʷa |
| 虍 | *qʰaː |
| 雐 | *qʰʷlaː |
| 虎 | *qʰlaːʔ |
| 琥 | *qʰlaːʔ |
| 萀 | *qʰlaːʔ |
| 臚 | *b·ra |
| 廬 | *ra |
| 驢 | *b·ra |
| 藘 | *ra |
| 爈 | *ra, *ras |
| 櫖 | *ra, *ras |
| 儢 | *raʔ |
| 慮 | *ras |
| 勴 | *ras |
| 鑢 | *ras |
| 濾 | *ras |
| 攄 | *r̥ʰa |
| 處 | *kʰljaʔ, *kʰljas |
| 豦 | *kas, *ɡa |
| 據 | *kas |
| 鐻 | *kas, *ɡa, *ɡaʔ |
| 澽 | *kas, *ɡas |
| 虛 | *kʰa, *qʰa |
| 墟 | *kʰa |
| 懅 | *ɡa |
| 蘧 | *ɡa, *ɡʷa |
| 籧 | *ɡa |
| 醵 | *ɡa, *ɡas, *ɡaɡ |
| 璩 | *ɡa |
| 虡 | *ɡaʔ |
| 遽 | *ɡas |
| 勮 | *ɡas |
| 噓 | *qʰa, *qʰas |
| 驉 | *qʰa |
| 歔 | *qʰa |
| 魖 | *qʰa |
| 膚 | *pla |
| 虧 | *kʰʷral |
| 噱 | *ɡaɡ |
| 臄 | *ɡaɡ |
| 劇 | *ɡaɡ |
| 諕 | *qʰʷraːɡ |
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): lou5
- Eastern Min (BUC): lū / luō
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): lou3
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ló͘
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: lǔ
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: lǔ
- Wade–Giles: lu3
- Yale: lǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luu
- Palladius: лу (lu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /lu²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese, variant in Taiwan; Beijing dialect)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: luǒ
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄛˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: luǒ
- Wade–Giles: lo3
- Yale: lwǒ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luoo
- Palladius: ло (lo)
- Sinological IPA (key): /lu̯ɔ²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: lou5
- Yale: lóuh
- Cantonese Pinyin: lou5
- Guangdong Romanization: lou5
- Sinological IPA (key): /lou̯¹³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: lū / luō
- Sinological IPA (key): /l̃u³³/, /l̃uo³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: lou3
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: lô
- Sinological IPA (key): /lɔu⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: lou3
- Sinological IPA (key): /lɔu³³²/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- Middle Chinese: luX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.rˤaʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*raːʔ/
Definitions
[edit]虜
- to capture; to imprison
- to plunder; to rob
- captive; prisoner of war
- (literary, derogatory) enemy
- (literary, derogatory) northern barbarian
- 是以北人詆南為島夷，南人指北為索虜，在當日之人，不務修德行仁，而徒事口舌相譏，已為至卑至陋之見。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
- From: 18th century, Yongzheng Emperor,《大義覺迷錄》"Resolving Confusion with a Discourse on Righteousness", translated by Devin Fitzgerald & annotated by Maura Dykstra
- Shìyǐ běirén dǐ nán wèi dǎoyí, nánrén zhǐ běi wèi suǒlǔ, zài dāngrì zhī rén, bù wù xiūdé xíngrén, ér tú shì kǒushé xiàng jī, yǐ wèi zhìbēi zhìlòu zhī jiàn. [Pinyin]
- So, the northerners began to slander southerners by calling them “isolated outlanders” and southerners began pointing to northerns as “braided savages.” During that time, people did not labor to perfect virtue and practice righteousness. Instead, they served the trivial matter of ridiculing each other, making their perspective only crude and base.
是以北人诋南为岛夷，南人指北为索虏，在当日之人，不务修德行仁，而徒事口舌相讥，已为至卑至陋之见。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) slave; servant
- 爵吏而為縣尉，則賜虜，六加五千六百。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Lord Shang, circa 3rd century BCE, translated based on J.J.L. Duyvendak's version
- Juélì ér wèi xiànwèi, zé cì lǔ, liù jiā wǔqiān liùbǎi. [Pinyin]
- When an officer is raised to the rank of a district commander [...] then he is presented with six prisoner-slaves, and provided with 5,000 soldiers and an income of 600 piculs of grain.
爵吏而为县尉，则赐虏，六加五千六百。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
Compounds
[edit]Japanese
[edit]| Shinjitai | 虜 | |
| Kyūjitai [1] |
虜 虜or 虜+ ︀?
|
|
| 虜󠄀 虜+ 󠄀?(Adobe-Japan1) | ||
| 虜󠄃 虜+ 󠄃?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | ||
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. | ||
Glyph origin
[edit]| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 唬 | *qʰraːs, *kʷraːɡ |
| 戲 | *qʰral, *qʰrals, *qʰaː |
| 巇 | *qʰra |
| 隵 | *qʰra |
| 嚱 | *qʰras |
| 盧 | *b·raː |
| 鑪 | *raː |
| 壚 | *raː |
| 籚 | *raː |
| 蘆 | *raː, *ra |
| 顱 | *b·raː |
| 髗 | *b·raː |
| 鱸 | *raː |
| 攎 | *raː |
| 櫨 | *raː |
| 轤 | *raː |
| 黸 | *raː |
| 獹 | *raː |
| 鸕 | *raː |
| 艫 | *raː |
| 纑 | *raː |
| 瀘 | *raː |
| 瓐 | *raː |
| 爐 | *raː |
| 嚧 | *raː |
| 矑 | *b·raː |
| 罏 | *raː |
| 蠦 | *raː |
| 虜 | *raːʔ |
| 擄 | *raːʔ |
| 艣 | *raːʔ |
| 鐪 | *raːʔ |
| 虖 | *qʰaː, *qʰʷa, *qʰaː, *qʰʷa |
| 虍 | *qʰaː |
| 雐 | *qʰʷlaː |
| 虎 | *qʰlaːʔ |
| 琥 | *qʰlaːʔ |
| 萀 | *qʰlaːʔ |
| 臚 | *b·ra |
| 廬 | *ra |
| 驢 | *b·ra |
| 藘 | *ra |
| 爈 | *ra, *ras |
| 櫖 | *ra, *ras |
| 儢 | *raʔ |
| 慮 | *ras |
| 勴 | *ras |
| 鑢 | *ras |
| 濾 | *ras |
| 攄 | *r̥ʰa |
| 處 | *kʰljaʔ, *kʰljas |
| 豦 | *kas, *ɡa |
| 據 | *kas |
| 鐻 | *kas, *ɡa, *ɡaʔ |
| 澽 | *kas, *ɡas |
| 虛 | *kʰa, *qʰa |
| 墟 | *kʰa |
| 懅 | *ɡa |
| 蘧 | *ɡa, *ɡʷa |
| 籧 | *ɡa |
| 醵 | *ɡa, *ɡas, *ɡaɡ |
| 璩 | *ɡa |
| 虡 | *ɡaʔ |
| 遽 | *ɡas |
| 勮 | *ɡas |
| 噓 | *qʰa, *qʰas |
| 驉 | *qʰa |
| 歔 | *qʰa |
| 魖 | *qʰa |
| 膚 | *pla |
| 虧 | *kʰʷral |
| 噱 | *ɡaɡ |
| 臄 | *ɡaɡ |
| 劇 | *ɡaɡ |
| 諕 | *qʰʷraːɡ |
The original character is 虜. Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *raːʔ): semantic 力 (“strength”) + semantic (“to pierce”) + phonetic 虍 (OC *qʰaː). It conveys the idea of “capturing someone alive” or “captive.” The modern commonly used character is a popular variant.[2]
Kanji
[edit]虜
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: る (ru)
- Kan-on: ろ (ro)
- Kan’yō-on: りょ (ryo, Jōyō)
- Kun: つよい (tsuyoi, 虜い)←つよし (tuyosi, 虜し, historical)、とりこ (toriko, 虜)
Etymology
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 虜 |
| とりこ Grade: S |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 虜 (kyūjitai) 擒 俘 俘虜 |
Originally a compound of 取り (tori, “taking, capturing”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 取る (toru, “to take, to capture”)) + 子 (ko, “child; small thing”).[3][4]
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): [to̞ɾʲiko̞]
- (Tokyo) とりこ [tòríkóꜜ] (Odaka – [3])[4][5][6]
- (Tokyo) とりこ [tòríkó] (Heiban – [0])[4][5][6]
Noun
[edit]- prisoner, captive
- (figurative) prisoner; slave (to a feeling, etc.)
- 恋の虜 ― koi no toriko ― a slave to love
References
[edit]- ^ “虜”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
- ^ Digital Shinjigen 2017
- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2019), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (2016), NHK日本語発音アクセント新辞典 [New NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2020), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Eighth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Further reading
[edit]- “△虜”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][2] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 虜 (MC luX).
| Historical readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | Recorded as Middle Korean 롱〯 (Yale: lwǒ?) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 되〯 로〮 | Recorded as Middle Korean 로〮 (lwó) (Yale: lwó) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527. |
| Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575 | 되 로 / 사ᄅᆞ자ᄇᆞᆯ 로 | Recorded as Middle Korean 로 (lwo) (Yale: lwo) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576. |
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɾo̞] ~ [no̞]
- Phonetic hangul: [로/노]
Hanja
[edit]
虜 (eumhun 사로잡을 로 (sarojabeul ro) or (word-initial) 노 (no))
Compounds
[edit]References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]虜: Hán Việt readings: lỗ
虜: Nôm readings: lũ
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
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