膚

See also: 肤

膚	U+819A, 膚 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-819A

← 膙
[U+8199]

CJK Unified Ideographs

膛 →
[U+819B]

Translingual

Han character

膚 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+11, 15 strokes, cangjie input 卜心田月 (YPWB), four-corner 2122₇, composition ⿸虍胃)

Derived characters

𰊼, 𫻖, 𬉜, 𦢚, 𬬚, 𰕘, 𤮣, 𧀴, 𰪠, 𬮗

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 992, character 28
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29829
Dae Jaweon: page 1444, character 24
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2107, character 5
Unihan data for U+819A

Chinese

trad.		膚
simp.		肤
alternative forms		肤𦢚

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 膚
Western Zhou
Bronze inscriptions

Characters in the same phonetic series (虍) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
唬	qʰraːs, kʷraːɡ
戲	qʰral, qʰrals, *qʰaː
巇	*qʰra
隵	*qʰra
嚱	*qʰras
盧	*b·raː
鑪	*raː
壚	*raː
籚	*raː
蘆	raː, ra
顱	*b·raː
髗	*b·raː
鱸	*raː
攎	*raː
櫨	*raː
轤	*raː
黸	*raː
獹	*raː
鸕	*raː
艫	*raː
纑	*raː
瀘	*raː
瓐	*raː
爐	*raː
嚧	*raː
矑	*b·raː
罏	*raː
蠦	*raː
虜	*raːʔ
擄	*raːʔ
艣	*raːʔ
鐪	*raːʔ
虖	qʰaː, qʰʷa, qʰaː, qʰʷa
虍	*qʰaː
雐	*qʰʷlaː
虎	*qʰlaːʔ
琥	*qʰlaːʔ
萀	*qʰlaːʔ
臚	*b·ra
廬	*ra
驢	*b·ra
藘	*ra
爈	ra, ras
櫖	ra, ras
儢	*raʔ
慮	*ras
勴	*ras
鑢	*ras
濾	*ras
攄	*r̥ʰa
處	kʰljaʔ, kʰljas
豦	kas, ɡa
據	*kas
鐻	kas, ɡa, *ɡaʔ
澽	kas, ɡas
虛	kʰa, qʰa
墟	*kʰa
懅	*ɡa
蘧	ɡa, ɡʷa
籧	*ɡa
醵	ɡa, ɡas, *ɡaɡ
璩	*ɡa
虡	*ɡaʔ
遽	*ɡas
勮	*ɡas
噓	qʰa, qʰas
驉	*qʰa
歔	*qʰa
魖	*qʰa
膚	*pla
虧	*kʰʷral
噱	*ɡaɡ
臄	*ɡaɡ
劇	*ɡaɡ
諕	*qʰʷraːɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): semantic 肉 (“meat”) + abbreviated phonetic 盧 (OC *b·raː).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *p(r/j)a (“skin”) (STEDT). This form likely represents the root while 皮 (OC *bral) is its derivative with a voicing prefix, most likely PST *m-, found in several OC words for body parts like 鼻 (OC *m-bi[t]-s, “nose”), 肚 (OC *m-tˤaʔ, “belly”), 右 (OC *[ɢ]ʷəʔ-s (~ *m-qʷəʔ), “right-hand”) and 頭 (OC *[m-t]ˤo, “head”) (Baxter & Sagart, 2014).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): fū (fu¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄈㄨ
Cantonese (Jyutping): fu¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fû
Northern Min (KCR): hú
Eastern Min (BUC): hŭ
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hu

(Teochew, Peng'im): hu¹
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹fu

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: fū
  - Zhuyin: ㄈㄨ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: fu
  - Wade–Giles: fu¹
  - Yale: fū
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fu
  - Palladius: фу (fu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fu⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: fu¹
  - Yale: fū
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fu¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: fu¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fuː⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fû
  - Hakka Romanization System: fu^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fu¹
  - Sinological IPA: /fu²⁴/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hú
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hŭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hu⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hu
  - Tâi-lô: hu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hw
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /hu⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /hu³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /hu⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /hu⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /hu⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hu¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hu³³/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹fu
  - MiniDict: fu^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹fu
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /fu⁵³/

Middle Chinese: pju

Rime
Character	膚
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)
Final (韻)	虞 (24)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	甫無切
Baxter	pju
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pɨo/
Pan Wuyun	/pio/
Shao Rongfen	/pio/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/puə̆/
Li Rong	/pio/
Wang Li	/pĭu/
Bernhard Karlgren	/pi̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fū
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fu¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*pra/

(Zhengzhang): /*pla/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	膚
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	fū
Middle Chinese	‹ pju ›
Old Chinese	/*pra/
English	skin
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	膚
Reading #	1/1
No.	5275
Phonetic component	虍
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	跗
Old Chinese	/*pla/

Definitions

膚

skin
- 膚如凝脂。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  肤如凝脂。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Fū rú níngzhī. [Pinyin]
  Her skin was like congealed ointment.
superficial; shallow
great
(alt. form 扶) ancient unit of length equal to the width of four fingers

Compounds

Descendants

→ Thai: ผิว (pǐu)

Japanese

Kanji

膚

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

Go-on: ふ (fu, 膚)
Kan-on: ふ (fu, 膚)
Kun: はだ (hada, 膚)、はだえ (hadae, 膚)^{←はだへ (fadafe, はだへ, historical)}

Compounds

皮膚(ひふ) (hifu): skin
皮膚科(ひふか) (hifuka): dermatology
皮膚科医(ひふかい) (hifukai): dermatologist
皮膚(ひふ)病(びょう) (hifubyō): dermatosis, skin diseases
皮膚(ひふ)癌(がん) (hifugan): skin cancer

Etymology

Kanji in this term
膚
はだ Grade: S
kun'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 膚 – see the following entries.

【肌はだ】S

[noun] human skin

[noun] surface of an object

[noun] temperament, nature

【はだえ】

[noun] skin

Alternative spelling
肌

(This term, 膚, is an alternative spelling of the above terms.)

References

“^△膚”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 膚 (MC pju). Recorded as Middle Korean 부 (pwu) (Yale: pwu) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

膚

膚 (eumhun 살갗 부 (salgat bu))

hanja form^? of 부 (“skin”)

Compounds

피부 (皮膚, pibu)
피부과 (皮膚科, pibugwa)
피부병 (皮膚病, pibubyeong)
피부색 (皮膚色, pibusaek)
피부암 (皮膚癌, pibuam)
피부염 (皮膚炎, pibuyeom)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]