虐

虐	U+8650, 虐 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8650

虐	U+2F9B3, 虐 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9B3

← 䕫
[U+2F9B2]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement

虜 →
[U+2F9B4]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

虐 (radical 141, 虍+3, 9 strokes, cangjie input 卜心尸一 (YPSM), four-corner 2121₁, composition ⿸虍𰀂(GHTKV) or ⿸虍𰀄(J))

References[edit]

KangXi: page 1073, character 9
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 32678
Dae Jaweon: page 1540, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2820, character 5
Unihan data for U+8650

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.		虐
alternative forms		𰀂 second round simplified

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (虐) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
虐	*ŋawɢ
瘧	*ŋawɢ
謔	*hŋawɢ

In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意): 虎 (“tiger”) + 人 (“person”).

Etymology[edit]

Possibly related to 謔 (OC *hŋawɢ, “to ridicule”) (Bodman, 1980).

Pronunciation[edit]

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): nüè (nüe⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄋㄩㄝˋ

(Chengdu, SP): yuo²
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): joek⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ngiak⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): nyioh⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngiok

(Meixian, Guangdong): ngiog⁵
Jin (Wiktionary): ieh⁴ / nieh⁴
Min Bei (KCR): ngiŏ̤
Min Dong (BUC): ngiŏk
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): gio̍k / gia̍k / lio̍k / jio̍k / ge̍k / gio̍h

(Teochew, Peng'im): ngiag⁸
Wu (Wiktionary): nyiaq (T5)
Xiang (Wiktionary): nyio⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: nüè
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄩㄝˋ
  - Wade–Giles: nüeh⁴
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: niueh
  - Tongyong Pinyin: nyuè
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nɥɛ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: yuo²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: iuo
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /yo²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: joek⁶
  - Yale: yeuhk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: joek⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: yêg⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jœ̽ːk̚²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ngiak⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵑɡiak̚³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: nyioh⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲiɔʔ⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiok
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngiog`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngiog⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /ɲi̯ok̚²/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngiog⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /ɲiɔk̚¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: ieh⁴ / nieh⁴
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /iəʔ²/, /niəʔ²/

Note:

ieh4 - literary;
nieh4 - vernacular.

Min Bei

(Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngiŏ̤
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋiɔ²⁴/

Min Dong

(Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ngiŏk
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋyoʔ⁵/

Min Nan

(Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gio̍k
- Tâi-lô: gio̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: giok
- IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡiɔk̚²⁴/
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡiɔk̚⁴/
(Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gia̍k
- Tâi-lô: gia̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: giak
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡiak̚¹²¹/
(Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lio̍k
- Tâi-lô: lio̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: liok
- IPA (Quanzhou): /liɔk̚²⁴/
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /liɔk̚⁴/
(Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jio̍k
- Tâi-lô: jio̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: jiok
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /ʑiɔk̚⁴/
(Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ge̍k
- Tâi-lô: gi̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: gek
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡiɪk̚⁴/
(Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gio̍h
- Tâi-lô: gio̍h
- Phofsit Daibuun: gioih
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /ɡioʔ⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡioʔ¹²¹/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡiɤʔ⁴/

Note:

gio̍k/gia̍k - literary;
lio̍k/jio̍k, ge̍k - vernacular;
gio̍h - vernacular (e.g. 礙虐).

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: ngiag⁸
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngia̍k
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋiak̚⁴/

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: nyiaq (T5)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲia̱ʔ¹²/

Xiang

(Changsha)
- Wiktionary: nyio⁶
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲio²⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 虐
Mandarin	Beijing	/nyɛ⁵¹/
	Harbin	/iau⁵³/ /nyɛ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/niɑu⁵³/ /nye⁵³/
	Jinan	/yə²¹/
	Qingdao	/yə⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/yo²⁴/
	Xi'an	/yo²¹/
	Xining	/ȵyu²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/nye¹³/
	Lanzhou	/yə¹³/ /miə¹³/
	Ürümqi	/yɤ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/nio²¹³/
	Chengdu	/nyo³¹/
	Guiyang	/nio²¹/
	Kunming	/nio³¹/
	Nanjing	/loʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/lyɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/iəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/ȵyʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/niaʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/ȵiaʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/ȵiɑʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/ȵiɑʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/ȵa²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/niɔ²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/ȵio¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ȵio²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ȵio²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang
Hakka	Meixian	/ŋiok̚¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ŋiok̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jœk̚²/
	Nanning	/nœk̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/jœk̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/giɔk̚⁵/ /liɔk̚⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/ŋyoʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/ŋiɔ²⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/ŋiak̚⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/niɔk̚³/

Middle Chinese: /ŋɨɐk̚/

Rime
Character	虐
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	藥 (107)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	魚約切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɨɐk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋiɐk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiɑk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋɨak̚/
Li Rong	/ŋiak̚/
Wang Li	/ŋĭak̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋi̯ak̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yuè

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ](r)awk/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋawɢ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	虐
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	nüè
Middle Chinese	‹ ngjak ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ](r)awk/
English	cruel
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	虐
Reading #	1/1
No.	9636
Phonetic component	虐
Rime group	藥
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	虐
Old Chinese	/*ŋawɢ/

Definitions[edit]

虐

cruel; tyrannical; oppressive
to abuse; to maltreat
(literary) disaster; calamity, catastrophe

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 虐

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

虐

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

to oppress; to persecute; to tyrannize

Readings[edit]

Go-on: ぎゃく (gyaku, Jōyō)
Kan-on: ぎゃく (gyaku, Jōyō)
Kun: いじめる (ijimeru, 虐める); しいたげる (shītageru, 虐げる, Jōyō); そこなう (sokonau)

Compounds[edit]

虐殺(ぎゃくさつ) (gyakusatsu)

虐待(ぎゃくたい) (gyakutai)

残虐(ざんぎゃく) (zangyaku)

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

虐 • (hak) (hangeul 학, revised hak, McCune–Reischauer hak, Yale hak)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

虐: Hán Nôm readings: ngược, ngước

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

虐

Contents

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

References[edit]

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

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