虐

trad.		虐
simp. ^#		虐
2nd round simp.		𰀂
alternative forms		𧆱／𣑅／𣑾／𫊝 ancient 𧆩／𧆧 small seal script 䖋䖈𧆝𧆱／𣑅／𣑾／𫊝 ancient 𧆩／𧆧 small seal script 䖋䖈𧆝𩁿𥤫䨋𫊞𰲘

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 虐
Shang	Spring and Autumn	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (虐) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
虐	*ŋawɢ
瘧	*ŋawɢ
謔	*hŋawɢ

In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 虎 (“tiger”) + 人 (“person”).

Etymology

Possibly related to 謔 (OC *hŋawɢ, “to ridicule”) (Bodman, 1980)。

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): nüè (nüe⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄋㄩㄝˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yuo²
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): joek⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ngiak⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): nyioh⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngiok

(Hailu, HRS): ngiog

(Meixian, Guangdong): ngiog⁵
Jin (Wiktionary): ieh⁴ / nieh⁴
Northern Min (KCR): ngiŏ̤
Eastern Min (BUC): ngiŏk
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gyorh⁷ / gyoeh⁷
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): gio̍k / gia̍k / lio̍k / jio̍k / ge̍k / gio̍h

(Teochew, Peng'im): ngiag⁸
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁸gniaq
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): nyio⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: nüè
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄩㄝˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: nyuè
  - Wade–Giles: nüeh⁴
  - Yale: nywè
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: niueh
  - Palladius: нюэ (njue)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ny̯ɛ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: yuo²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: iuo
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /yo²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: joek⁶
  - Yale: yeuhk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: joek⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: yêg⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jœːk̚²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ngiak⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵑɡiak̚³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: nyioh⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲiɔʔ⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiok
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngiog^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngiog⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯ok̚²/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngiog
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋiok⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngiog⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋiɔk̚¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: ieh⁴ / nieh⁴
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /iəʔ²/, /niəʔ²/

Note:

ieh4 - literary;
nieh4 - vernacular.

Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngiŏ̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋiɔ²⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ngiŏk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋyoʔ⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: gyorh⁷
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gio̤̍h
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyɒʔ⁴/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: gyoeh⁷
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyøʔ⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gio̍k
  - Tâi-lô: gio̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: giok
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡiɔk̚²⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡiɔk̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gia̍k
  - Tâi-lô: gia̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: giak
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡiak̚¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lio̍k
  - Tâi-lô: lio̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liok
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liɔk̚²⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /liɔk̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jio̍k
  - Tâi-lô: jio̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: jiok
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ziɔk̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ge̍k
  - Tâi-lô: gi̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gek
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡiɪk̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gio̍h
  - Tâi-lô: gio̍h
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gioih
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /ɡioʔ⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡioʔ¹²¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡiɤʔ⁴/

Note:

gio̍k/gia̍k - literary;
lio̍k/jio̍k, ge̍k - vernacular;
gio̍h - vernacular (e.g. 礙虐).

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: ngiag⁸
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngia̍k
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋiak̚⁴/

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁸gniaq
  - MiniDict: nyah^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵nyiaq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲiaʔ¹²/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: nyio⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲi̯o²⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 虐
Mandarin	Beijing	/nyɛ⁵¹/
	Harbin	/iau⁵³/ /nyɛ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/niɑu⁵³/ /nye⁵³/
	Jinan	/yə²¹/
	Qingdao	/yə⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/yo²⁴/
	Xi'an	/yo²¹/
	Xining	/ȵyu²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/nye¹³/
	Lanzhou	/yə¹³/ /miə¹³/
	Ürümqi	/yɤ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/nio²¹³/
	Chengdu	/nyo³¹/
	Guiyang	/nio²¹/
	Kunming	/nio³¹/
	Nanjing	/loʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/lyɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/iəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/ȵyʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/niaʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/ȵiaʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/ȵiɑʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/ȵiɑʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/ȵa²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/niɔ²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/ȵio¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ȵio²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ȵio²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang
Hakka	Meixian	/ŋiok̚¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ŋiok̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jœk̚²/
	Nanning	/nœk̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/jœk̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/giɔk̚⁵/ /liɔk̚⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/ŋyoʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/ŋiɔ²⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/ŋiak̚⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/niɔk̚³/

Middle Chinese: ngjak

Rime
Character	虐
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	藥 (107)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	魚約切
Baxter	ngjak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɨɐk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋiɐk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiɑk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋɨak̚/
Li Rong	/ŋiak̚/
Wang Li	/ŋĭak̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ŋi̯ak̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yuè
Expected Cantonese Reflex	joek⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ](r)awk/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋawɢ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	虐
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	nüè
Middle Chinese	‹ ngjak ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ](r)awk/
English	cruel
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	虐
Reading #	1/1
No.	9636
Phonetic component	虐
Rime group	藥
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	虐
Old Chinese	/*ŋawɢ/

Definitions

虐

cruel; tyrannical; oppressive
to abuse; to maltreat
(literary) disaster; calamity, catastrophe

Compounds

Japanese

Shinjitai	虐
Kyūjitai ^[1]^[2]	虐󠄁 虐+`󠄁`^? (Adobe-Japan1)
	虐󠄃 虐+`󠄃`^? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

虐

(Jōyō kanji)

to oppress; to persecute; to tyrannize

Readings

Go-on: ぎゃく (gyaku, Jōyō)^{←ぎやく (gyaku, historical)}
Kan-on: ぎゃく (gyaku, Jōyō)^{←ぎやく (gyaku, historical)}
Kun: しいたげる (shītageru, 虐げる, Jōyō)^{←しひたげる (sifitageru, 虐げる, historical)}、いじめ (ijime, 虐め)^{←いぢめ (idime, 虐め, historical)}、いじめる (ijimeru, 虐める)^{←いぢめる (idimeru, 虐める, historical)}、しえたげる (shietageru, 虐げる)^{←しへたげる (sifetageru, 虐げる, historical)}、むごい (mugoi, 虐い)

Compounds

References

^ 白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014) “虐”, in 字通 (Jitsū)‎^[1] (in Japanese), popular edition, Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN
^ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 1061 (paper), page 543 (digital)

Korean

Etymology

From a corrupted or unorthodox reading. The original reading is 악 (ak) based on Middle Chinese 虐 (MC ngjak).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	ᅌᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: ngak)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ha̠k̚]
Phonetic hangul: [학]

Hanja

虐 (eum 모질 학 (mojil hak))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

虐: Hán Nôm readings: ngược, ngước

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[1] 白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014) “虐”, in 字通 (Jitsū)‎^[1] (in Japanese), popular edition, Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN

[2] Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 1061 (paper), page 543 (digital)

[1]

[2]