傷害

See also: 伤害

Chinese

		injure; injury; wound	to do harm to; to cause trouble to; harm to do harm to; to cause trouble to; harm; evil; calamity
trad. (傷害)		傷	害
simp. (伤害)		伤	害

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): shānghài

  (Zhuyin): ㄕㄤ ㄏㄞˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): soeng¹ hoi⁶

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): sông-hoi

  (Meixian, Guangdong): song¹ hoi⁴

• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): siong-hāi / siang-hāi

  (Teochew, Peng'im): siên¹ hai⁷ / sion¹ hai⁷

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: shānghài
    • Zhuyin: ㄕㄤ ㄏㄞˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: shanghài
    • Wade–Giles: shang¹-hai⁴
    • Yale: shāng-hài
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shanghay
    • Palladius: шанхай (šanxaj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: soeng¹ hoi⁶
    • Yale: sēung hoih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: soeng¹ hoi⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: sêng¹ hoi⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sœːŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sông-hoi
    • Hakka Romanization System: song^ˊ hoi
    • Hagfa Pinyim: song¹ hoi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hoi̯⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: song¹ hoi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hoɪ⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siong-hāi
    • Tâi-lô: siong-hāi
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sionghai
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai²²/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai³³/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /siɔŋ³³ hai⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siang-hāi
    • Tâi-lô: siang-hāi
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sianghai
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai²²/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: siên¹ hai⁷ / sion¹ hai⁷
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sieⁿ hāi / sioⁿ hāi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sĩẽ³³⁻²³ hai¹¹/, /sĩõ³³⁻²³ hai¹¹/

Note:

• siên1 hai7 - Chaozhou;
• sion1 hai7 - Shantou, Jieyang, Chaoyang.

---

• Middle Chinese: syang hajH

Rime
Character	傷	害
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	書 (26)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)	泰 (25)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	式羊切	胡蓋切
Baxter	syang	hajH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɕɨɐŋ/	/ɦɑiH/
Pan Wuyun	/ɕiɐŋ/	/ɦɑiH/
Shao Rongfen	/ɕiɑŋ/	/ɣɑiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɕɨaŋ/	/ɦajH/
Li Rong	/ɕiaŋ/	/ɣɑiH/
Wang Li	/ɕĭaŋ/	/ɣɑiH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɕi̯aŋ/	/ɣɑiH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shāng	hài
Expected Cantonese Reflex	soeng1	hoi6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥aŋ  m-kˤat-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*hljaŋ  ɡaːds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	傷	害
Reading #	1/1	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shāng	hài
Middle Chinese	‹ syang ›	‹ hajH ›
Old Chinese	/*l̥aŋ/	/*m-kˁat-s/
English	wound	hurt (v.t.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	傷	害
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	14581	4845
Phonetic component	昜	害
Rime group	陽	祭
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	商	害
Old Chinese	/*hljaŋ/	/*ɡaːds/
Notes		金文非丯聲，似𥎆初文加古聲， 㝬通胡

Verb

傷害

1. to injure; to hurt

   傷害感情／伤害感情  ―  shānghài gǎnqíng  ―  to hurt someone's feelings

   • 民食果蓏蜯蛤腥臊惡臭，而傷害腸胃。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     民食果蓏蜯蛤腥臊恶臭，而伤害肠胃。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Han Feizi, circa 2^nd century BCE

     Mínshí guǒ luǒ bàng gé xīngsào èchòu, ér shānghài chángwèi. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   • 李嚴忙下馬卸甲投降，軍士不曾傷害一人。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
     李严忙下马卸甲投降，军士不曾伤害一人。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]

     From: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, circa 14^th century CE

     Lǐyán máng xiàmǎ xièjiǎ tóujiàng, jūnshì bùcéng shānghài yīrén. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

2. (law) to commit assault

Synonyms

• (to injure):

edit

• 危及 (wēijí)
• 危害 (wēihài)
• 妨害 (fánghài)
• 戕害 (qiānghài) (literary)
• 戕賊 / 戕贼 (literary)
• 損 / 损 (sǔn) (literary, or in compounds)
• 損傷 / 损伤 (sǔnshāng)
• 損害 / 损害 (sǔnhài)
• 暴害 (bàohài) (literary)
• 有傷 / 有伤 (yǒushāng) (chiefly used in derived terms)
• 禍 / 祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
• 禍害 / 祸害 (huòhài)

Noun

傷害

1. injury
2. (law) assault
3. (video games) damage

Derived terms

• 人身傷害 / 人身伤害 (rénshēn shānghài)
• 傷害14億人民感情 / 伤害14亿人民感情 (shānghài shísì yì rénmín gǎnqíng)
• 傷害中國人民的感情 / 伤害中国人民的感情 (shānghài Zhōngguó rénmín de gǎnqíng)
• 傷害保險 / 伤害保险
• 傷害罪 / 伤害罪
• 重複使力傷害 / 重复使力伤害 (chóngfù shǐlì shānghài)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (傷害):

• → Japanese: 傷(しょう)害(がい) (shōgai)
• → Korean: 상해(傷害) (sanghae)
• → Vietnamese: thương hại (傷害)

See also

• 負傷／负伤 (fùshāng)
• 受傷／受伤 (shòushāng)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
傷	害
しょう Grade: 6	がい Grade: 4
on'yomi

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 傷害 (MC syang hajH).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) しょーがい [shòógáí] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ɕo̞ːɡa̠i]

Noun

傷(しょう)害(がい) • (shōgai) 

1. injury
   • 1949, 永(なが)井(い) 隆(たかし) (Takashi Nagai), 長崎の鐘 [The Bells of Nagasaki]:

     傷(しょう)害(がい)の原(げん)因(いん)は原(げん)子(し)爆(ばく)弾(だん)に直(ちょく)接(せつ)よるものと、その爆(ばく)発(はつ)の現(げん)象(しょう)に伴(ともな)う間(かん)接(せつ)のものとがある。

     Shōgai no gen'in wa genshibakudan ni chokusetsu yoru mono to, sono bakuhatsu no genshō ni tomonau kansetsu no mono to ga aru.

     Injuries were caused by direct exposure to the nuclear blast as well as indirectly from contact with the resulting phenomena.

Verb

傷(しょう)害(がい)する • (shōgai suru) suru (stem 傷(しょう)害(がい)し (shōgai shi), past 傷(しょう)害(がい)した (shōgai shita))

1. to injure

Conjugation

Conjugation of "傷害する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	傷害し	しょうがいし	shōgai shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	傷害し	しょうがいし	shōgai shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	傷害する	しょうがいする	shōgai suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	傷害する	しょうがいする	shōgai suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	傷害すれ	しょうがいすれ	shōgai sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	傷害せよ¹ 傷害しろ²	しょうがいせよ¹ しょうがいしろ²	shōgai seyo¹ shōgai shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	傷害される	しょうがいされる	shōgai sareru
Causative	傷害させる 傷害さす	しょうがいさせる しょうがいさす	shōgai saseru shōgai sasu
Potential	傷害できる	しょうがいできる	shōgai dekiru
Volitional	傷害しよう	しょうがいしよう	shōgai shiyō
Negative	傷害しない	しょうがいしない	shōgai shinai
Negative continuative	傷害せず	しょうがいせず	shōgai sezu
Formal	傷害します	しょうがいします	shōgai shimasu
Perfective	傷害した	しょうがいした	shōgai shita
Conjunctive	傷害して	しょうがいして	shōgai shite
Hypothetical conditional	傷害すれば	しょうがいすれば	shōgai sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

• “傷害”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
傷	害

Noun

傷害 • (sanghae) (hangeul 상해)

1. hanja form^? of 상해 (“injury; wound”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
傷	害

Verb

傷害

1. chữ Hán form of thương hại (“to feel sorry for someone; to pity; to show compassion to”)