學

See also: 学

學	U+5B78, 學 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B78

← 孷
[U+5B77]

CJK Unified Ideographs

孹 →
[U+5B79]

Translingual[edit]

Japanese	学
Simplified	学
Traditional	學

Stroke order

Stroke order (alternative)

Chinese[edit]

trad.		學
simp.		学^*
alternative forms		斆／敩斅／𢽾斈𢻯𡕕斆／敩斅／𢽾斈𢻯𡕕𣁃𫝯𭓕𭓘

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 學
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (學) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
攪	*kruːʔ
覺	kruːɡs, kruːɡ
澩	ɡruːʔ, sɡruːɡ, *ɡruːɡ
斆	*ɡruːɡs
鱟	ɡoːɡs, quːɡ
嶨	kʰruːɡ, ɡruːɡ
礐	kʰruːɡ, ɡ·rɯːɡ, ɡoːɡ, ɡuːɡ
觷	ŋɡruːɡ, ɡruːɡ, *quːɡ
學	*ɡruːɡ
鷽	ɡruːɡ, qruːɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意): abbreviated 敎 (“to teach”) + 𦥑 (“mingling hands; hands-on learning”) + 宀 (“house; roofed building”) – a child learns in a roofed place. See 敎／教 for more.

In the modern form, 宀 has corrupted to 冖 (“cover”), and the hands 𦥑 around the 爻 have become connected with the roof 冖 on top of the child 子. Ancient forms include 斆 and 斅, which preserve more of 敎. Shuowen regards 𦥑 as the phonetic component in the character, which may be true according to some Old Chinese reconstructions such as that of Pan Wuyun's, though probably not others.

The earliest oracle bone script forms may be a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡruːɡ): semantic 爻 + phonetic 六 (OC *ruɡ).

Etymology[edit]

May be an endopassive derivation of 覺 (OC *kruːɡs, *kruːɡ, “to awake, get insight”). Ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kruk (“to rouse; to awaken; to disturb”).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): xué, xiáo (xue², xiao²)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄝˊ, ㄒㄧㄠˊ

(Chengdu, SP): xuo²

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): щүә (xüə, I)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): hok⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): hok⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): hoh⁷
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ho̍k

(Meixian, Guangdong): hog⁶
Jin (Wiktionary): xyeh⁵
Min Bei (KCR): ò̤ / hă
Min Dong (BUC): ŏ̤h / hŏk
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): o̍h / ha̍k

(Teochew, Peng'im): oh⁸ / hag⁸
Wu (Wiktionary): hhoq (T5); hhiaq (T5)
Xiang (Wiktionary): xio⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, literary, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)⁺
  - Pinyin: xué
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄝˊ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyue
  - Tongyong Pinyin: syué
  - Wade–Giles: hsüeh²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕɥɛ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, colloquial, rare or dialectal variant, used in xiangsheng)⁺
  - Pinyin: xiáo
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄠˊ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyau
  - Tongyong Pinyin: siáo
  - Wade–Giles: hsiao²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕjɑʊ̯³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: xuo²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xiuo
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕyo²¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: щүә (xüə, I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕyə²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: hok⁶
  - Yale: hohk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hok⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: hog⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːk̚²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: hok⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔk̚³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: hoh⁷
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔʔ²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ho̍k
  - Hakka Romanization System: hog
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hog⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /hok̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: hog⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /hɔk̚⁵/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: xyeh⁵
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕyəʔ⁵⁴/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ò̤ / hă
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɔ⁴²/, /xa²⁴/

Note:

ò̤ - vernacular;
hă - literary.

Min Dong

(Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ŏ̤h / hŏk
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /oʔ⁵/, /houʔ⁵/

Note:

ŏ̤h - vernacular;
hŏk - literary.

Min Nan

(Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Zhangpu, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: o̍h
- Tâi-lô: o̍h
- Phofsit Daibuun: oih
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɤʔ⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /oʔ¹²¹/
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /oʔ⁴/
- IPA (Zhangpu): /oʔ¹⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /oʔ²⁴/
(Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Zhangpu, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ha̍k
- Tâi-lô: ha̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: hak
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hak̚⁴/
- IPA (Zhangpu): /hak̚¹⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /hak̚¹²¹/
- IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /hak̚²⁴/

Note:

o̍h - vernacular;
ha̍k - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: oh⁸ / hag⁸
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: o̍h / ha̍k
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /oʔ⁴/, /hak̚⁴/

Note:

oh8 - vernacular;
hag8 - literary.

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: hhoq (T5); hhiaq (T5)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɦʊʔ¹²/, /ɦia̱ʔ¹²/

Note:

5hhoq - vernacular;
5hhiaq - literary.

Xiang

(Changsha)
- Wiktionary: xio⁶
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕio²⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 學
Mandarin	Beijing	/ɕyɛ³⁵/
	Harbin	/ɕiau²⁴/ /ɕyɛ²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ɕiɑu⁴⁵/ /ɕye⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ɕyə⁴²/
	Qingdao	/ɕyə⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ɕyo⁴²/
	Xi'an	/ɕyo²⁴/
	Xining	/ɕyu²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ɕye¹³/ /ɕye⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ɕyə⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ɕyɤ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/ɕio²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ɕyo³¹/
	Guiyang	/ɕio²¹/
	Kunming	/ɕio³¹/
	Nanjing	/ɕioʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/ɕyɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ɕyəʔ⁵⁴/
	Pingyao	/ɕiʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/ɕyaʔ⁴³/ ～习 /ɕiɔ³¹/ ～话
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦoʔ¹/ /ɦiaʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/ɦioʔ³/ /ɦoʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/ɦiɑʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/ɦo²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/ɕiɔ²²/ /xɔ²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/xo¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ɕio²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ɕio²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/hɔʔ²/
Hakka	Meixian	/hok̚⁵/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/hok̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hɔk̚²/
	Nanning	/hɔk̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/hɔk̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/hak̚⁵/ /oʔ⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/houʔ⁵/ /oʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/xa²⁴/ /ɔ⁴²/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/hak̚⁵/ /oʔ⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/hiɔk̚⁵/ /o³³/

Middle Chinese: /ɦˠʌk̚/

Rime
Character	學
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	覺 (10)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	胡覺切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠʌk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚɔk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɔk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦaɨwk̚/
Li Rong	/ɣɔk̚/
Wang Li	/ɣɔk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣɔk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xué
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hok⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*m-kˤruk/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡruːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	學
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xué
Middle Chinese	‹ hæwk ›
Old Chinese	/*m-kˁruk/
English	study; imitate
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	學
Reading #	1/1
No.	14079
Phonetic component	學
Rime group	覺
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	學
Old Chinese	/*ɡruːɡ/
Notes	甲文象習持爻於膝前，金文方加子

Definitions[edit]

學

^† to comprehend; to realise; to understand
(transitive) to learn; to study
- 學而時習之，不亦說乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  学而时习之，不亦说乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Analects of Confucius, circa 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Xué ér shí xí zhī, bù yì yuè hū? [Pinyin]
  Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application?
學習 / 学习 ― xuéxí ― to study; to learn

我打算學攝影。 / 我打算学摄影。 ― Wǒ dǎsuàn xué shèyǐng. ― I plan to learn photography.

我父母親希望我學醫，但是我不願意。 [MSC, trad.]
我父母亲希望我学医，但是我不愿意。 [MSC, simp.]
Wǒ fùmǔqīn xīwàng wǒ xué yī, dànshì wǒ bù yuànyì. [Pinyin]
My parents hoped I would study medicine, but I didn't want to.

老師叫極佢都唔肯學講唔該。 [Cantonese, trad.]
老师叫极佢都唔肯学讲唔该。 [Cantonese, simp.]
lou⁵ si¹ giu³ gik⁶ keoi⁵ dou¹ m⁴ hang² hok⁶ gong² m⁴ goi¹. [Jyutping]
He refuses to learn to say thank you, even though his teacher asked him many times.
to imitate; to copy; to mimic
鸚鵡學人語。 / 鹦鹉学人语。 ― Yīngwǔ xué rén yǔ. ― Parrots imitate human speech.

我妹妹什麼都學我。 [MSC, trad.]
我妹妹什么都学我。 [MSC, simp.]
Wǒ mèimèi shénme dōu xué wǒ. [Pinyin]
My little sister likes to copy everything I do.

學人哋用叉食飯 [Cantonese, trad.]
学人哋用叉食饭 [Cantonese, simp.]
hok⁶ jan⁴ dei⁶ jung⁶ caa¹ sik⁶ faan⁶ [Jyutping]
imitate others and use a fork to eat
school
上學 / 上学 ― shàngxué ― to go to school

小學 / 小学 ― xiǎoxué ― primary school

學費 / 学费 ― xuéfèi ― school fees
learning; knowledge
求學 / 求学 ― qiúxué ― to seek knowledge

才疏學淺 / 才疏学浅 ― cáishūxuéqiǎn ― to be of humble talent and shallow learning
theory; doctrine
儒學 / 儒学 ― rúxué ― Confucianism
subject; branch of learning; science; -ology
化學 / 化学 ― huàxué ― chemistry

生物學 / 生物学 ― shēngwùxué ― biology

哲學 / 哲学 ― zhéxué ― philosophy

Synonyms[edit]

學習／学习 (xuéxí, “to study, to learn”)
讀書／读书 (dúshū, “to study”)
念書／念书 (niànshū, “(colloquial) to study”)

Compounds[edit]

See 學/derived_terms § Learn (Chinese).

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (學):

→ Japanese: 学(がく) (gaku); 学(かく) (kaku)
→ Korean: 학 (學, hak)
→ Vietnamese: học (學)

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xiào (xiao⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄠˋ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: xiào
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄠˋ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiaw
  - Tongyong Pinyin: siào
  - Wade–Giles: hsiao⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕjɑʊ̯⁵¹/

Note: Retroactive Mandarin reading based on historical literature. No longer in common use.

Definitions[edit]

學

(obsolete) Alternative form of 斆／敩 (xiào, “to teach; to instruct; to train”).
- 魯人有因子墨子而學其子者，其子戰而死，其父讓子墨子。子墨子曰：「子欲學子之子，今學成矣，戰而死，而子慍。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  鲁人有因子墨子而学其子者，其子战而死，其父让子墨子。子墨子曰：“子欲学子之子，今学成矣，战而死，而子愠。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mozi, circa 4^th century BCE, translated based on Y. P. Mei's version
  Lǔ rén yǒu yīn Zǐ Mòzǐ ér xiào qí zǐ zhě, qí zǐ zhàn ér sǐ, qí fù ràng Zǐ Mòzǐ. Zǐ Mòzǐ yuē: “Zǐ yù xiào zǐ zhī zǐ, jīn xuéchéng yǐ, zhàn ér sǐ, ér zǐ yùn.” [Pinyin]
  There was a man in Lu who sent his son to Mozi to study. The son perished in a battle. The father blamed Mozi for it. Mozi said: "You wanted to have your son trained. Now he had completed his training and died in battle. And you become sore."
- 凡學世子及學士，必時。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  凡学世子及学士，必时。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Rites, circa 4^th – 2^nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Fán xiào shìzǐ jí xiào shì, bì shí. [Pinyin]
  In teaching the heir-sons and young men, the subjects were different at different seasons.
- 《兌命》曰：「學學半。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  《兑命》曰：“学学半。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Rites, circa 4^th – 2^nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  “Yuèmìng” yuē: “Xiào xué bàn.” [Pinyin]
  It is said in the Charge to Yue, "Teaching is the half of learning."

References[edit]

Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01001
“學”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
“Entry #11643”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

Japanese[edit]

Shinjitai	学
Kyūjitai	學

Kanji[edit]

學

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 学)

Kyūjitai form of 学
learning, knowledge, school

Readings[edit]

Go-on: がく (gaku)
Kan-on: かく (kaku)
Kun: まなぶ (manabu, 學ぶ)

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 學 (MC ɦˠʌk̚).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	ᅘᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: hhák)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527^[2]	ᄇᆡ홀 (Yale: poyhwol)	ᄒᆞᆨ (Yale: hok)

Pronunciation[edit]

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ha̠k̚]
Phonetic hangul: [학]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

學

Wikisource

學 (eumhun 배울 학 (bae'ul hak))

Hanja form^? of 학 (“to learn, to study; to be taught”). [affix]
Hanja form^? of 학 (“-logy, -ics, -graphy, study of...”). [suffix]

Compounds[edit]

See 學/derived_terms § Learn (Korean).

References[edit]

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

學: Hán Việt readings: học^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]
學: Nôm readings: học^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[6], hục^[3]

chữ Hán form of học (“to learn, to study”).
chữ Hán form of học (“(suffix) subject; branch of learning; -ology”).

Compounds[edit]

See 學/derived_terms § Learn (Vietnamese).

References[edit]

[tdcndg-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Nguyễn (2014).

[tdcntd-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).

[gdhn-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Trần (2004).

[bonet-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Bonet (1899).

[genibrel-5] Génibrel (1898).

[taberd-6] Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

學

Contents

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

Derived characters[edit]

Related characters[edit]

Further reading[edit]