學
See also: 学
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Translingual[edit]
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Han character[edit]
學 (radical 39 子+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 竹月弓木 (HBND), four-corner 77407, composition ⿱𦥯子)
Descendants[edit]
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 280, character 28
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7033
- Dae Jaweon: page 549, character 27
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1019, character 11
- Unihan data for U+5B78
Chinese[edit]
| trad. | 學 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 学* | |
| alt. forms | 斆 斅 斈 | |
Glyph origin[edit]
| Historical forms of the character 學 | ||||||
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| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | ||
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu Slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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| Characters in the same phonetic series (學) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 攪 | *kruːʔ |
| 覺 | *kruːɡs, *kruːɡ |
| 澩 | *ɡruːʔ, *sɡruːɡ, *ɡruːɡ |
| 斆 | *ɡruːɡs |
| 鱟 | *ɡoːɡs, *quːɡ |
| 嶨 | *kʰruːɡ, *ɡruːɡ |
| 礐 | *kʰruːɡ, *ɡ·rɯːɡ, *ɡoːɡ, *ɡuːɡ |
| 觷 | *ŋɡruːɡ, *ɡruːɡ, *quːɡ |
| 學 | *ɡruːɡ |
| 鷽 | *ɡruːɡ, *qruːɡ |
Ancient forms: 斆, 斅. The former is constructed from the skeleton of 敎／教 (“to teach”) with the addition of two extra components: 1) a 𦥑 component around the top-left 爻 part, signifying hands (hands-on learning); 2) a 冖 (“cover”) over 子 (“child”), representing the cover of a building or school, i.e. the child learns in a roofed place. Shuowen regards 𦥑 as the phonetic component in the character, which may be true according to some Old Chinese reconstructions such as that of Pan Wuyun's, though probably not others. See 教 for more. The earliest structure may suggest its relationship with 六, with reconstruction *rug.
Etymology[edit]
May be an endopassive derivation of 覺 (OC *kruːɡs, *kruːɡ, “to awake, get insight”).
Pronunciation[edit]
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): hok6
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ho̍k
- Jin (Wiktionary): xyeh5
- Min Dong (BUC): ŏ̤h / hŏk
- Min Nan
- Wu (Wiktionary): hhoq (T5); hhiaq (T5)
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄝˊ
- Wade-Giles: hsüeh2
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyue
- IPA (key): /ɕɥ̯œ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄠˊ
- Wade-Giles: hsiao2
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyau
- IPA (key): /ɕi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Note:
- xué - major reading (colloquial and literary);
- xiáo - rare, very colloquial or dialectal, used in xiangsheng.
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: xuo2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xiuo
- IPA (key): /ɕyo²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: hok6
- Yale: hohk
- Cantonese Pinyin: hok9
- Guangdong Romanization: hog6
- IPA (key): /hɔːk̚²/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ho̍k
- Hakka Romanization System: hog
- Hagfa Pinyim: hog6
- IPA: /hok̚⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: xyeh5
- IPA (old-style): /ɕyəʔ⁵⁴/
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ŏ̤h / hŏk
- IPA (key): /oʔ⁵/, /houʔ⁵/
Note:
- ŏ̤h - vernacular;
- hŏk - literary.
Note:
- o̍h - vernacular;
- ha̍k - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: oh8 / hag8
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: o̍h / ha̍k
- IPA (key): /oʔ⁴/, /hak̚⁴/
Note:
- oh8 - vernacular;
- hag8 - literary.
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: hhoq (T5); hhiaq (T5)
- IPA (key): /ɦʊʔ¹²/, /ɦia̱ʔ¹²/
Note:
- 5hhoq - vernacular;
- 5hhiaq - literary.
- Dialectal data▼
| Variety | Location | 學 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕyɛ³⁵/ |
| Harbin | /ɕiau²⁴/ /ɕyɛ²⁴/ | |
| Tianjin | /ɕiɑu⁴⁵/ /ɕye⁴⁵/ | |
| Jinan | /ɕyə⁴²/ | |
| Qingdao | /ɕyə⁴²/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /ɕyo⁴²/ | |
| Xi'an | /ɕyo²⁴/ | |
| Xining | /ɕyu²⁴/ | |
| Yinchuan | /ɕye¹³/ /ɕye⁵³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /ɕyə⁵³/ | |
| Ürümqi | /ɕyɤ⁵¹/ | |
| Wuhan | /ɕio²¹³/ | |
| Chengdu | /ɕyo³¹/ | |
| Guiyang | /ɕio²¹/ | |
| Kunming | /ɕio³¹/ | |
| Nanjing | /ɕioʔ⁵/ | |
| Hefei | /ɕyɐʔ⁵/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕyəʔ⁵⁴/ |
| Pingyao | /ɕiʌʔ⁵³/ | |
| Hohhot | /ɕyaʔ⁴³/ ～习 /ɕiɔ³¹/ ～话 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦoʔ¹/ /ɦiaʔ¹/ |
| Suzhou | /ɦioʔ³/ /ɦoʔ³/ | |
| Hangzhou | /ɦiɑʔ²/ | |
| Wenzhou | /ɦo²¹³/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /ɕiɔ²²/ /xɔ²²/ |
| Tunxi | /xo¹¹/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ɕio²⁴/ |
| Xiangtan | /ɕio²⁴/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /hɔʔ²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /hok̚⁵/ |
| Taoyuan | /hok̚⁵⁵/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hɔk̚²/ |
| Nanning | /hɔk̚²²/ | |
| Hong Kong | /hɔk̚²/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) | /hak̚⁵/ /oʔ⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /oʔ⁵/ | |
| Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /xa²⁴/ /ɔ⁴²/ | |
| Shantou (Min Nan) | /hak̚⁵/ /oʔ⁵/ | |
| Haikou (Min Nan) | /hiɔk̚⁵/ /o³³/ |
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 學 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 覺 (10) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 胡覺切 |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ɦˠʌk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/ɦᵚɔk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/ɣɔk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/ɦaɨwk̚/ |
| Li Rong |
/ɣɔk̚/ |
| Wang Li |
/ɣɔk̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/ɣɔk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
xué |
| Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 學 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
xué |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ hæwk › |
| Old Chinese |
/*m-kˤruk/ |
| English | study; imitate |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 學 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14079 |
| Phonetic component |
學 |
| Rime group |
覺 |
| Rime subdivision |
1 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
學 |
| Old Chinese |
/*ɡruːɡ/ |
| Notes | 甲文象習持爻於膝前，金文方加子 |
Definitions[edit]
學
- † to comprehend; to realise; to understand
- to learn; to study
- to imitate; to copy; to mimic
- school
- learning; knowledge
- theory; doctrine
- subject; branch of learning; science; -ology
Synonyms[edit]
- 學習／学习 (xuéxí, “to study, to learn”)
- 讀書／读书 (dúshū, “to study”)
- 念書／念书 (niànshū, “(colloquial) to study”)
Compounds[edit]
Derived terms from 學
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Japanese[edit]
| 学 | |
| 學 |
Kanji[edit]
學
(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 学)
- Learning, student, study
- School, education
- Subject, field of study, science
- Understanding, knowledge
Readings[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Korean[edit]
Hanja[edit]
學 • (hak)
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
學 (học)
Compounds[edit]
- 學習 (học tập)
- 哲學 (triết học)
- 神學 (thần học)
- 學生 (học sinh)
- 大學 (đại học)
- 科學 (khoa học)
- 小學 (tiểu học)
- 𠰺學 (dạy học)
- 中學 (trung học)
- 儒學 (Nho học)
- 化學 (hoá học)
- 場學 (trường học)
- 學院 (học viện)
- 生學 (sinh học)
- 藥學 (dược học)
- 人類學 (nhân loại học)
- 分類學 (phân loại học)
- 動物學 (động vật học)
- 場大學 (trường đại học)
- 場小學 (trường tiểu học)
- 地質學 (địa chất học)
- 考古學 (khảo cổ học)
- 古生物學 (cổ sinh vật học)
Usage notes[edit]
- Chữ Nôm. The modern Vietnamese equivalent is học.
- This is the regular form of the character. The common form is 学.
References[edit]
Categories:
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
- Han script characters
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual symbols
- Mandarin terms with audio links
- Mandarin terms with multiple pronunciations
- Middle Chinese lemmas
- Old Chinese lemmas
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- Hakka lemmas
- Jin lemmas
- Min Dong lemmas
- Min Nan lemmas
- Teochew lemmas
- Wu lemmas
- Chinese verbs
- Mandarin verbs
- Cantonese verbs
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- Jin verbs
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