學

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See also: 学
gw u5b78.svg
學 U+5B78, 學
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B78
← 孷
[U+5B77] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 孹 →
[U+5B79]

Translingual[edit]

Japanese 学
Simplified 学
Traditional 學
Stroke order
學-order.gif
Stroke order
(alternative)
學-aorder.gif

Han character[edit]

學 (radical 39, 子+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 竹月弓木 (HBND), four-corner 77407, composition ⿱𦥯子)

Derived characters[edit]

Related characters[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • KangXi: page 280, character 28
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7033
  • Dae Jaweon: page 549, character 27
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1019, character 11
  • Unihan data for U+5B78

Chinese[edit]

trad. 學
simp. 学*
alternative forms
 
斆／敩
斅
斈
𢻯
𡕕
斆／敩
斅
斈
𢻯
𡕕
𣁃
𫝯
𭓕
𭓘

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 學
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
學-oracle.svg 學-bronze.svg 學-bronze-warring.svg 學-silk.svg 學-slip.svg 學-seal.svg 學-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (學) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
攪 *kruːʔ
覺 *kruːɡs, *kruːɡ
澩 *ɡruːʔ, *sɡruːɡ, *ɡruːɡ
斆 *ɡruːɡs
鱟 *ɡoːɡs, *quːɡ
嶨 *kʰruːɡ, *ɡruːɡ
礐 *kʰruːɡ, *ɡ·rɯːɡ, *ɡoːɡ, *ɡuːɡ
觷 *ŋɡruːɡ, *ɡruːɡ, *quːɡ
學 *ɡruːɡ
鷽 *ɡruːɡ, *qruːɡ

Ancient forms: 斆, 斅. The former is constructed from the skeleton of 敎／教 (“to teach”) with the addition of two extra components: 1) a 𦥑 component around the top-left 爻 part, in this case signifying mingling hands (“hands-on learning”); 2) a 宀 (“house”) or later corrupted form 冖 (“cover”) over 子 (“child”), representing the cover of a building or school, i.e. the child learns in a roofed place. Shuowen regards 𦥑 as the phonetic component in the character, which may be true according to some Old Chinese reconstructions such as that of Pan Wuyun's, though probably not others. See 教 for more. The earliest structure may suggest its relationship with 六, with reconstruction *rug.

Etymology[edit]

May be an endopassive derivation of 覺 (OC *kruːɡs, *kruːɡ, “to awake, get insight”). Ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kruk (“to rouse; to awaken; to disturb”).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • ò̤ - vernacular;
  • hă - literary.
  • Min Dong
    • Note:
    • ŏ̤h - vernacular;
    • hŏk - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • o̍h - vernacular;
    • ha̍k - literary.
    Note:
    • oh8 - vernacular;
    • hag8 - literary.
  • Wu
    • Note:
    • 5hhoq - vernacular;
    • 5hhiaq - literary.
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 學
    Mandarin Beijing /ɕyɛ³⁵/
    Harbin /ɕiau²⁴/
    /ɕyɛ²⁴/
    Tianjin /ɕiɑu⁴⁵/
    /ɕye⁴⁵/
    Jinan /ɕyə⁴²/
    Qingdao /ɕyə⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /ɕyo⁴²/
    Xi'an /ɕyo²⁴/
    Xining /ɕyu²⁴/
    Yinchuan /ɕye¹³/
    /ɕye⁵³/
    Lanzhou /ɕyə⁵³/
    Ürümqi /ɕyɤ⁵¹/
    Wuhan /ɕio²¹³/
    Chengdu /ɕyo³¹/
    Guiyang /ɕio²¹/
    Kunming /ɕio³¹/
    Nanjing /ɕioʔ⁵/
    Hefei /ɕyɐʔ⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /ɕyəʔ⁵⁴/
    Pingyao /ɕiʌʔ⁵³/
    Hohhot /ɕyaʔ⁴³/ ～习
    /ɕiɔ³¹/ ～话
    Wu Shanghai /ɦoʔ¹/
    /ɦiaʔ¹/
    Suzhou /ɦioʔ³/
    /ɦoʔ³/
    Hangzhou /ɦiɑʔ²/
    Wenzhou /ɦo²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /ɕiɔ²²/
    /xɔ²²/
    Tunxi /xo¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /ɕio²⁴/
    Xiangtan /ɕio²⁴/
    Gan Nanchang /hɔʔ²/
    Hakka Meixian /hok̚⁵/
    Taoyuan /hok̚⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /hɔk̚²/
    Nanning /hɔk̚²²/
    Hong Kong /hɔk̚²/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /hak̚⁵/
    /oʔ⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /houʔ⁵/
    /oʔ⁵/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /xa²⁴/
    /ɔ⁴²/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /hak̚⁵/
    /oʔ⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /hiɔk̚⁵/
    /o³³/
    Rime
    Character 學
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
    Final (韻) 覺 (10)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 胡覺切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɦˠʌk̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɦᵚɔk̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɣɔk̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɦaɨwk̚/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɣɔk̚/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɣɔk̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ɣɔk̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		xué
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		hok6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 學
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		xué
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ hæwk ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*m-kˁruk/
    English study; imitate

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 學
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 14079
    Phonetic
    component         		學
    Rime
    group         		覺
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		學
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡruːɡ/
    Notes 甲文象習持爻於膝前，
    金文方加子

    Definitions[edit]

    學

    1. † to comprehend; to realise; to understand
    2. (transitive) to learn; to study
      學習 / 学习  ―  xuéxí  ―  to study; to learn
      我打算學攝影。 / 我打算学摄影。  ―  Wǒ dǎsuàn xué shèyǐng.  ―  I plan to learn photography.
      我父母親希望我學醫，但是我不願意。 [MSC, trad.]
      我父母亲希望我学医，但是我不愿意。 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒ fùmǔqīn xīwàng wǒ xué yī, dànshì wǒ bù yuànyì. [Pinyin]
      My parents hoped I would study medicine, but I didn't want to.
    3. (transitive) to learn to do something (to get into the habit)
      老師叫極佢都唔肯學講唔該。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      老师叫极佢都唔肯学讲唔该。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      lou5 si1 giu3 gik6 keoi5 dou1 m4 hang2 hok6 gong2 m4 goi1. [Jyutping]
      He refuses to learn to say thank you, even though his teacher asked him many times.
      佢學慣咗玩呢種遊戲。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      佢学惯咗玩呢种游戏。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      keoi5 hok6 gwaan3 zo2 waan2 ni1 zung2 jau4 hei3. [Jyutping]
      He got used to play this game.
      佢學咗講美國口音，但係去到英國嘅時候，佢學講英國口音，返去美國之後，佢學返講美國口音。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      佢学咗讲美国口音，但系去到英国嘅时候，佢学讲英国口音，返去美国之后，佢学返讲美国口音。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      keoi5 hok6 zo2 gong2 mei5 gwok3 hau2 jam1, daan6 hai6 heoi3 dou3 jing1 gwok3 ge3 si4 hau6, keoi5 hok6 gong2 jing1 gwok3 hau2 jam1, faan1 heoi3 mei5 gwok3 zi1 hau6, keoi5 hok6 faan1 gong2 mei5 gwok3 hau2 jam1. [Jyutping]
      He learned to speak with an American accent, but when he was in United Kingdom, he learned to speak with a British accent, and when he came back to United States, he relearned to speak with an American accent.
    4. to imitate; to copy; to mimic
      鸚鵡學人語。 / 鹦鹉学人语。  ―  Yīngwǔ xué rén yǔ.  ―  Parrots imitate human speech.
      我妹妹什麼都學我。 [MSC, trad.]
      我妹妹什么都学我。 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒ mèimèi shénme dōu xué wǒ. [Pinyin]
      My little sister likes to copy everything I do.
      學人哋用叉食飯 [Cantonese, trad.]
      学人哋用叉食饭 [Cantonese, simp.]
      hok6 jan4 dei6 jung6 caa1 sik6 faan6 [Jyutping]
      imitate others and use a fork to eat
    5. school
      學費 / 学费  ―  xuéfèi  ―  school fees
    6. learning; knowledge
    7. theory; doctrine
    8. subject; branch of learning; science; -ology
      化學 / 化学  ―  huàxué  ―  chemistry
      生物學 / 生物学  ―  shēngwùxué  ―  biology
    Synonyms[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (學):
    • → Japanese: 学(がく) (gaku); 学(かく) (kaku)
    • → Korean: 학 (學, hak)
    • → Vietnamese: học (學)

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Note: Retroactive Mandarin reading based on historical literature. No longer in common use.

    Definitions[edit]

    學

    1. (obsolete) Alternative form of 斆／敩 (xiào, “to teach; to instruct; to train”).

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Shinjitai

    		学

    Kyūjitai

    		學

    Kanji[edit]

    學

    (uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 学)

    1. Kyūjitai form of 学
    2. learning, knowledge, school

    Readings[edit]

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 學 (MC ɦˠʌk̚).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅘᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: hhák)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] ᄇᆡ홀 (Yale: poyhwol) ᄒᆞᆨ (Yale: hok)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    學 (eumhun 배울 학 (bae'ul hak))

    1. Hanja form? of 학 (“to learn, to study; to be taught”). [affix]
    2. Hanja form? of 학 (“-logy, -ics, -graphy, study of...”). [suffix]

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    學: Hán Việt readings: học[1][2][3][4][5]
    學: Nôm readings: học[1][2][3][4][6], hục[3]

    1. Hán tự form of học (“to learn, to study”).
    2. Hán tự form of học (“(suffix) subject; branch of learning; -ology”).

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonet (1899).
    5. ^ Génibrel (1898).
    6. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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