戰

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See also: 戦 and 战
戰 U+6230, 戰
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6230
← 戯
[U+622F] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 戱 →
[U+6231]

Translingual[edit]

Traditional 戰
Shinjitai 戦
Simplified 战

Han character[edit]

戰 (Kangxi radical 62, 戈+12, 16 strokes, cangjie input 口十戈 (RJI), four-corner 63550, composition ⿰單戈)

Derived characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 414, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11667
  • Dae Jaweon: page 757, character 12
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1412, character 12
  • Unihan data for U+6230

Chinese[edit]

trad. 戰
simp. 战
nonstandard simp. 𢧐
alternative forms 戦

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 戰
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (單) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
嚲 *taːlʔ
癉 *taːlʔ, *taːls, *taːn, *daːn
奲 *taːlʔ, *tʰjaːlʔ
驒 *daːl, *daːn, *teːn
鼉 *daːl
磾 *teːl
鷤 *deːl, *deːls, *daːn
觶 *tjal, *tjals
單 *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans
鄲 *taːn
殫 *taːn
簞 *taːn
匰 *taːn
襌 *taːn
彈 *daːn, *daːns
貚 *daːn, *deːn
撣 *daːn, *daːnʔ, *daːns, *djan, *taːnʔ
潬 *daːnʔ
僤 *daːnʔ, *daːns, *djan
憚 *daːns
樿 *tjanʔ
燀 *tjanʔ, *tʰjan, *tʰjanʔ
戰 *tjans
闡 *tʰjanʔ
繟 *tʰjanʔ
幝 *tʰjanʔ
嘽 *tʰaːn, *tʰjanʔ
灛 *tʰjanʔ
蟬 *djan
禪 *djan, *djans
嬋 *djan
墠 *djanʔ
鱓 *djanʔ
蕇 *teːnʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *tjans): phonetic 單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans) + semantic 戈 (“halberd”) – battling with a halberd.

Etymology[edit]

Benedict (1972) thinks it a cognate to Tibetan རལ་གྲི (ral gri, “sword”), Mizo râl (“enemy”), both from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *g-raːl ~ *g-ran ~ *ray (“enemy, quarrel, strife, fight, war, sword”), yet Schuessler (2007) thinks it unlikely that Old Chinese *t- corresponds to Tibeto-Burman *r-.

Instead he proposes that "war, battle" is semantically extended from "tremble, fear" and so 戰 (OC *tjans) is cognate with 憚 (OC *daːns) (ibid.); STEDT in turn derives them both from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dar ~ d(u/i)r (“tremble, shiver”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • chiéng - vernacular (“to fight”);
  • ciéng - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • ziang3 - Shantou;
    • ziêng3 - Chaozhou.
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 戰
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 章 (23)
    Final (韻) 仙 (77)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 之膳切
    Baxter tsyenH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/t͡ɕiᴇnH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/t͡ɕiɛnH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/t͡ɕjænH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/cianH/
    Li
    Rong         		/t͡ɕiɛnH/
    Wang
    Li         		/t͡ɕĭɛnH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/t͡ɕi̯ɛnH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		zhàn
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		zin3
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 戰 戰
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		zhàn zhàn
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tsyenH › ‹ tsyenH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tar-s/ /*tar-s/
    English to fear battle

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 戰
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 2019
    Phonetic
    component         		單
    Rime
    group         		元
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		戰
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tjans/

    Definitions[edit]

    戰

    1. to fight a battle; to go to war
    2. war; battle; fight
      永戰／永战  ―  yǒng zhàn  ―  eternal war
      永戰／永战 [Guangzhou Cantonese]  ―  wing5 zin3 [Jyutping]  ―  eternal war
    3. to tremble; to shiver
    4. a surname: Zhan

    Synonyms[edit]

    • (to fight a battle):
    edit
    Synonyms of 戰
    • (war):
    edit
    • 兵戈 (bīnggē) (literary)
    • 兵戎 (bīngróng) (literary)
    • 兵火 (bīnghuǒ) (figurative)
    • (to tremble):
    edit
    Synonyms of 戰

    Antonyms[edit]

    • (war):
    edit

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 戰

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Shinjitai

    		戦

    Kyūjitai

    		戰

    Kanji[edit]

    戰

    (“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 戦)

    1. fighting, battle

    Readings[edit]

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    戰 (eumhun 싸울 전 (ssaul jeon))

    1. Hanja form? of 전 (“fight”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    戰: Hán Việt readings: chiến[1][2][3][4][5]
    戰: Nôm readings: chiến[1][2], chén[1], chuyến[2]

    1. chữ Hán form of chiến (“war, conflict”).

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Trần (2004).
    3. ^ Trần (1999).
    4. ^ Nguyễn (1974).
    5. ^ Thiều Chửu (1942).
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