たたかう
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Japanese
[edit]Alternative spellings |
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戦う 闘う |
Etymology
[edit]From the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) tataka of verb 叩く (tataku, “to strike”) + auxiliary verb ふ (fu, indicating repetitive or ongoing action) → “to strike repeatedly” → “to fight”.[1][2][3]
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Tokyo) たたかう [tàtákáú] (Heiban – [0])[2][4][5]
- (Tokyo) たたかう [tàtákáúꜜ] (Odaka – [4])[5]
- IPA(key): [ta̠ta̠ka̠ɯ̟]
Verb
[edit]たたかう • (tatakau) ←たたかふ (tatakafu)?godan (stem たたかい (tatakai), past たたかった (tatakatta))
- to battle, to fight, to wage war
- 1916, Tetsuro Watsuji, Conversion:
- しかしこの敵と戦っている間に、他の敵が背後へ回っていた。
- Shikashi kono teki to tatakatte iru aida ni, hoka no teki ga haigo e mawatte ita.
- But while he was battling this enemy, another had come up behind him.
- しかしこの敵と戦っている間に、他の敵が背後へ回っていた。
- 1922, Torahiko Terada, Clear Reminiscence:
- しかし自分の弱さと戦う戦士としては決して弱くなかった。
- Shikashi jibun no yowasa to tatakau senshi toshite wa kesshite yowakunakatta.
- Yet he was not a weak soldier as a soldier fighting his own weakness.
- しかし自分の弱さと戦う戦士としては決して弱くなかった。
- Synonym: (wage war) 戦争する (sensō suru)
- to compete (in a match, for example)
- to contend (for one's own interests)
- Synonym: 争う (arasou)
- (figuratively) to get through with one's sufferings or difficulties
- ““重度訪問介護制度” で自宅で暮らしたい ALS患者たちの願い”, in NHK首都圏ナビ[1], Nihon Hoso Kyokai, 2022 February 10, archived from the original on 17 April 2022
- 難病とたたかう患者やその家族が自宅で生活したいと願っても、必要な介護の支援サービスが受けられない。
- Nanbyō to tatakau kanja ya sono kazoku ga jitaku de seikatsu shitai to negattemo, hitsuyō na kaigo no shien sābisu ga ukerarenai.
- Patients suffering from difficult diseases and their family cannot be afforded necessary nursing support services even if they wish to live at home.
- 難病とたたかう患者やその家族が自宅で生活したいと願っても、必要な介護の支援サービスが受けられない。
- Synonym: 闘病する (tōbyō suru)
- ““重度訪問介護制度” で自宅で暮らしたい ALS患者たちの願い”, in NHK首都圏ナビ[1], Nihon Hoso Kyokai, 2022 February 10, archived from the original on 17 April 2022
- (literally) to hit or strike repeatedly
- Synonym: 乱打する (randa suru)
Usage notes
[edit]The 戦う spelling is used in a broader sense than 闘う:
- 敵国と戦う ― tekkoku to tatakau ― battle in an enemy country
- 選挙で戦う ― senkyo de tatakau ― compete in the elections
- 暑さと闘う ― atsusa to tatakau ― beat the heat
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "たたかう" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | たたかわ | tatakawa | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | たたかい | tatakai | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | たたかう | tatakau | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | たたかう | tatakau | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | たたかえ | tatakae | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | たたかえ | tatakae | |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | たたかわれる | tatakawareru | |
Causative | たたかわせる たたかわす |
tatakawaseru tatakawasu | |
Potential | たたかえる | tatakaeru | |
Volitional | たたかおう | tatakaō | |
Negative | たたかわない | tatakawanai | |
Negative continuative | たたかわず | tatakawazu | |
Formal | たたかいます | tatakaimasu | |
Perfective | たたかった | tatakatta | |
Conjunctive | たたかって | tatakatte | |
Hypothetical conditional | たたかえば | tatakaeba |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | たたかは | tatakafa | |
Continuative (連用形) | たたかひ | tatakafi | |
Terminal (終止形) | たたかふ | tatakafu | |
Attributive (連体形) | たたかふ | tatakafu | |
Realis (已然形) | たたかへ | tatakafe | |
Imperative (命令形) | たたかへ | tatakafe | |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | たたかはず | tatakafazu | |
Contrasting conjunction | たたかへど | tatakafedo | |
Causal conjunction | たたかへば | tatakafeba | |
Conditional conjunction | たたかはば | tatakafaba | |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | たたかひき | tatakafiki | |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | たたかひけり | tatakafikeri | |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | たたかひつ | tatakafitu | |
Perfect tense (natural event) | たたかひぬ | tatakafinu | |
Perfect-continuative tense | たたかへり たたかひたり |
tatakaferi tatakafitari | |
Volitional | たたかはむ | tatakafamu |
Derived terms
[edit]Derived terms
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN