久

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See also: 乆
久 U+4E45, 久
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E45
← 乄
[U+4E44] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 乆 →
[U+4E46]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
3 strokes
Stroke order

Han character[edit]

久 (Kangxi radical 4, 丿+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 弓人 (NO) or X弓人 (XNO), four-corner 27800, composition ⿸𠂊㇏)

Derived characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 81, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 118
  • Dae Jaweon: page 165, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 33, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+4E45

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 久
alternative forms 乆
𫝄

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 久
Small seal script

s03941

Transcribed ancient scripts

L35395

L35396

L35397

L35398

L35399

L18239

L18240

L18241

L18242

L18243

L18244

L18245

L18246

L18247

L18248

L18249

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (久) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
畂 *ɡʷ·rɯs
久 *kʷlɯʔ
灸 *kʷlɯʔ, *kʷlɯs
玖 *kʷlɯʔ
疚 *kʷlɯs
柩 *ɡʷlɯs
羑 *ɡʷ·lɯʔ

Pictogram (象形) - a man receiving moxibustion. The derivative 灸 (OC *kʷlɯʔ, *kʷlɯs) refers to the original word.

Etymology[edit]

Possibly Sino-Tibetan. Compare Bantawa [script needed] (kʰokpa, “old man”) (Sagart, 2017d), which STEDT derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kwak (“old”).

舊 (OC *N-kʷəʔ-s) may be a derivative (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). See there for more.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • gū - vernacular;
  • giēu - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • kú - vernacular;
    • kiú - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 久
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 尤 (136)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 舉有切
    Baxter kjuwX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kɨuX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kiuX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kiəuX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kuwX/
    Li
    Rong         		/kiuX/
    Wang
    Li         		/kĭəuX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ki̯ə̯uX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jiǔ
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gau2
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 久
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		jiǔ
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kjuwX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[k]ʷəʔ/
    English a long time

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 久
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 6969
    Phonetic
    component         		久
    Rime
    group         		之
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		久
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kʷlɯʔ/

    Definitions[edit]

    久

    1. (of time) long
      你待了多久？  ―  Nǐ dāi le duōjiǔ?  ―  How long did you stay?
      我們走路走了很久。 [MSC, trad.]
      我们走路走了很久。 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒmen zǒulù zǒu le hěn jiǔ. [Pinyin]
      We walked for a long time.
    2. a surname

    Synonyms[edit]

    Dialectal synonyms of 久 (“long (time)”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 久
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 久
    Mandarin Taiwan 久
    Malaysia 久
    Singapore 久
    Cantonese Guangzhou 耐
    Hong Kong 耐
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 耐
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 久
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 久
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 耐
    Taishan 久
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 耐
    Singapore (Guangfu) 耐
    Gan Nanchang 久
    Hakka Meixian 久
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 久
    Boluo (Bendihua) 久
    Heyuan (Bendihua) 久
    Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua) 久
    Heping (Linzhai Bendihua) 久
    Lianping (Longjie Bendihua) 久
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 久
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 久
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 久
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 久
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 久
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 久
    Hong Kong 久
    Senai (Huiyang) 久
    Kuching (Hepo) 久
    Min Dong Fuzhou 𣆯
    Changle 𣆯
    Fuqing 𣆯
    Yongtai 𣆯
    Gutian 長久
    Fu'an 𣆯
    Ningde 𣆯
    Shouning 長遠
    Zhouning 長遠
    Fuding 久
    Singapore (Fuqing) 𣆯
    Min Nan Xiamen 久
    Quanzhou 久
    Jinjiang 久
    Dongshan 久
    Taipei 久 GT
    Penang (Hokkien) 久
    Singapore (Hokkien) 久
    Manila (Hokkien) 久
    Chaozhou 久
    Raoping 久
    Shantou 久
    Haifeng 久
    Bangkok (Teochew) 久
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 久
    Singapore (Teochew) 久
    Wenchang 久
    Qionghai 久
    Singapore (Hainanese) 久
    Note GT - General Taiwanese (no particular region identified)

    Compounds[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    久

    (grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. long time

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Proper noun[edit]

    久(ひさし) • (Hisashi) 

    1. a male given name

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    久 (eumhun 오랠 구 (orael gu))

    1. Hanja form? of 구 (“to be long”).

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    久: Hán Việt readings: cửu (舉(cử)有(hữu)切(thiết))[3]
    久: Nôm readings: cửu[4]

    1. chữ Hán form of cửu (“for a long time”).

    References[edit]

    1. ^ Bonet (1899).
    2. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
    3. ^ Trần (2004).
    4. ^ Génibrel (1898).

    Zhuang[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    久

    1. Sawndip form of gyaeuj (“head; headhair”)
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