仕

仕	U+4ED5, 仕 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4ED5

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

仕 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+3, 5 strokes, Cangjie input 人土 (OG), four-corner 2421₀, composition ⿰亻士)

Derived characters

茌, 𪐾, 𤵴, 𦚘, 𫎔, 𪀆, 𠱊, 𢫟, 𱦁, 𣐴, 𤇧, 𦙰, 𥿥, 𫪣, 𪧸, 𨀋, 𨦁

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 92, character 7
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 368
Dae Jaweon: page 195, character 10
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 112, character 3
Unihan data for U+4ED5

Chinese

simp. and trad.		仕

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 仕
Bronze inscriptions b12243 Small seal script s05662 Transcribed ancient scripts L34132 L34133
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (士) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
茌	*zrɯ
士	*zrɯʔ
仕	*zrɯʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *zrɯʔ) and ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): semantic ⺅ (“person”) + phonetic 士 (OC *zrɯʔ, “a person engaged in an official position”). It is mainly used as a verb meaning "to serve."^[1]

References

^ Digital Shinjigen 2017

Etymology 1

See 士 "servant, retainer, officer, scholar, gentleman"

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): shì (shi⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄕˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): si⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shì
  - Zhuyin: ㄕˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shìh
  - Wade–Giles: shih⁴
  - Yale: shr̀
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyh
  - Palladius: ши (ši)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂɻ̩⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: si⁶
  - Yale: sih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: si⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: xi⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /siː²²/

Middle Chinese: dzriX

Rime
Character	仕
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	崇 (20)
Final (韻)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	鉏里切
Baxter	dzriX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʒɨ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ɖ͡ʐɨ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʒie^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɖ͡ʐɨ^X/
Li Rong	/d͡ʒiə^X/
Wang Li	/d͡ʒĭə^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɖ͡ʐʱi^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zi⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[m-s-]rəʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*zrɯʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	仕
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shì
Middle Chinese	‹ dzri^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[m-s-]rəʔ/
English	serve
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	仕
Reading #	1/1
No.	11512
Phonetic component	士
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	士
Old Chinese	/*zrɯʔ/

Definitions

仕

scholar; official; guardian
- 有仕於此，而子悅之，不告於王而私與之吾子之祿爵；夫仕也，亦無王命而私受之於子，則可乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  有仕于此，而子悦之，不告于王而私与之吾子之禄爵；夫仕也，亦无王命而私受之于子，则可乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Yǒu shì yú cǐ, ér zǐ yuè zhī, bùgào yú wáng ér sī yǔ zhī wúzǐ zhī lùjué; fú shì yě, yì wú wángmìng ér sī shòu zhī yú zǐ, zé kě hū? [Pinyin]
  Suppose there were an officer here, with whom you, Sir, were pleased, and that, without informing the king, you were privately to give to him your salary and rank; and suppose that this officer, also without the king's orders, were privately to receive them from you - would such a transaction be allowable?
to serve in the government
- 士之仕也，猶農夫之耕也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  士之仕也，犹农夫之耕也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Shì zhī shì yě, yóu nóngfū zhī gēng yě. [Pinyin]
  An officer's being in office is like the ploughing of a husbandman.
(xiangqi) adviser; guard; minister: 🩡 (on the red side)
a surname

Coordinate terms

(Chinese chess pieces) 帥 / 帅 (shuài) / 將 / 将 (jiàng), 仕 (shì) / 士 (shì), 相 / 象 (xiàng), 俥 / 伡 / 車 / 车 (jū), 傌 / 㐷 / 馬 / 马 (mǎ), 炮 / 砲 / 炮, 兵 (bīng) / 卒 (zú)

Compounds

不仕 (bùshì)
仕女 (shìnǚ)
仕宦 (shìhuàn)
仕版
仕紳 / 仕绅
仕譯 / 仕译
仕途 (shìtú)
仕進 / 仕进
出仕 (chūshì)
學優而仕 / 学优而仕 (xuéyōu'érshì)
將仕郎 / 将仕郎
干仕
強仕 / 强仕
懸車致仕 / 悬车致仕
求仕 (qiúshì)
筮仕 (shìshì)
膴仕 / 𰮇仕
致仕 (zhìshì)
貴仕 / 贵仕

Etymology 2

From 亻 (denoting one octave lower in Cantonese opera) + 士 (si⁶).

Pronunciation

Cantonese (Jyutping): si⁶

Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: si⁶
  - Yale: sih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: si⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: xi⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /siː²²/

Definitions

仕

(music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note an octave below low la (6̣̣).
Synonym: 𪛘 (sì) (Kunqu)

Japanese

Kanji

仕

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

Go-on: じ (ji, Jōyō ^†)
Kan-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
Kun: つかえる (tsukaeru, 仕える, Jōyō)^{←つかへる (tukaferu, 仕へる, historical)}、つかまつる (tsukamatsuru, 仕る)、つこうまつる (tsukōmatsuru, 仕る)
Nanori: つこう (tsukō)

Compounds

仕(し)上(あ)がり (shiagari, “finish, end, completion”)
仕(し)上(あ)げ (shiage, “end, finishing touches”)
仕(し)上(あ)げる (shiageru, “finish up, complete”)
仕(し)入(い)れ (shīre, “stocking, buying up”)
仕(し)入(い)れる (shīreru, “lay in stock, replenish stock”)
仕(し)打(う)ち (shiuchi, “treatment, behavior, action”)
仕(し)置(お)き (shioki, “punishment”)
仕(し)送(おく)り (shiokuri, “allowance, remittance”)
仕(し)掛(か)け (shikake, “device, contrivance, trick”)
仕(し)掛(か)ける (shikakeru, “commence, lay, set”)
仕(し)方(かた) (shikata, “way, method, means”)
仕(し)方(かた)がない (shikata ga nai), 仕(し)方(かた)ない (shikata nai, “it can't be helped”)
仕(し)切(き)り (shikiri, “partition, division, boundary”)
仕(し)切(き)る (shikiru, “partition, divide, mark off”)
仕(し)草(ぐさ) (shigusa, “action, acting, gesture”)
仕(し)組(く)み (shikumi, “structure, construction, arrangement”)
仕(し)事(ごと) (shigoto, “work, job, business”)
仕(し)事(ごと)中(ちゅう) (shigotochū, “at work, working”)
仕(し)事(ごと)始(はじ)め (shigotohajime, “resuming work after New Year's vacation”)
仕(し)事(ごと)場(ば) (shigotoba, “place where one works”)
仕(し)込(こ)み (shikomi, “training, stocking up”)
仕(し)立(た)て (shitate, “tailoring, dressmaking, sewing”)
仕(し)立(た)てる (shitateru, “tailor, make, prepare”)
仕(し)手(て) (shite, “doer, performer”)
お仕(し)舞(ま)い (oshimai, “the end, closing”)
仕(し)舞(ま)う (shimau, “finish, do something completely”)
仕(し)様(よう) (shiyō, “way, method, means”)
仕(し)様(よう)がない (shiyō ga nai), しょうがない (shō ga nai, “it's no use”)
仕(し)業(わざ) (shiwaza, “deed, act, action”)
仕(つか)える (tsukaeru, “serve, work for, attend”)
奉(ほう)仕(し) (hōshi, “attendance, service, ministry”)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
仕
し Grade: 3
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 仕 (MC dzriX).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɕi]

Audio: (file)
Audio: (file)

(Tokyo) し [shíꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]

Noun

仕(し) • (shi) ^{←し (si)^?}

official, civil service
仕(し)を致(いた)す
shi o itasu
to resign from public office

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
仕
し Grade: 3 (ateji)
on'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 仕 – see the following entry.

【し】	[verb] stem or continuative form of する (suru) Alternative spelling 為

(This term, 仕, is an alternative spelling (in compounds) of the above term.)

Usage notes

Used primarily as the first element in verb-verb and verb-noun compounds.

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

仕 (eumhun 섬길 사 (seomgil sa))

hanja form^? of 사 (“serve; official”)

Vietnamese

Han character

仕: Hán Việt readings: sĩ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]
仕: Nôm readings: sãi^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7], sẽ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7], sẩy^[1]^[2]^[3]^[5]^[6]^[7], sải^[1]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7], sẻ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[7], sảy^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4], sì^[1]^[3]^[4], sãy^[5]^[6]^[7], xẻ^[1]^[2], sè^[1]^[3], xảy^[1]^[3], sễ^[3]^[4], xè^[1], xì^[1], sõi^[3], sỡi^[3], sể^[5]

chữ Hán form of sĩ (“scholar; soldier”)
chữ Nôm form of sải (“arm span; fathom”)
chữ Nôm form of sãi (“Buddhist monk, bonze”)
chữ Nôm form of sảy (“to winnow”)
chữ Nôm form of sẩy (“to lose something”)
chữ Nôm form of sẻ
1. sparrow
2. to divide, to share
chữ Nôm form of sẽ
1. (formal or literary) marks the future tense
2. (literary) marks a desire or a hypothetical
chữ Nôm form of xảy (“(archaic) suddenly”)
chữ Nôm form of xẻ (“to shred; to cut into strips; to divide up”)
chữ Nôm form of xì (“used in xù xì (“rought (to touch)”)”)

References

↑ ^1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 Nguyễn (2014).
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
↑ ^3.00 ^3.01 ^3.02 ^3.03 ^3.04 ^3.05 ^3.06 ^3.07 ^3.08 ^3.09 ^3.10 ^3.11 ^3.12 Trần (2004).
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 ^4.6 ^4.7 Hồ (1976).
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 Bonet (1899).
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 Génibrel (1898).
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 ^7.5 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).

[1] Digital Shinjigen 2017

[DJR-2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[tdcndg-3] 1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 Nguyễn (2014).

[tdcntd-4] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 Nguyễn et al. (2009).

[gdhn-5] 3.00 ^3.01 ^3.02 ^3.03 ^3.04 ^3.05 ^3.06 ^3.07 ^3.08 ^3.09 ^3.10 ^3.11 ^3.12 Trần (2004).

[btcn-6] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 ^4.6 ^4.7 Hồ (1976).

[bonet-7] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 Bonet (1899).

[genibrel-8] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 Génibrel (1898).

[taberd-9] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 ^7.5 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).

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