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相撲

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 相扑

Chinese

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each other; appearance; portrait
each other; appearance; portrait; picture; one another; mutually
 
rush on
trad. (相撲)
simp. (相扑)
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Etymology

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“sumo”
Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 相撲 (sumō).

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2 1/1
Initial () (16) (2)
Final () (105) (3)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division () III I
Fanqie
Baxter sjang phuwk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/sɨɐŋ/ /pʰuk̚/
Pan
Wuyun
/siɐŋ/ /pʰuk̚/
Shao
Rongfen
/siɑŋ/ /pʰuk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/sɨaŋ/ /pʰəwk̚/
Li
Rong
/siaŋ/ /pʰuk̚/
Wang
Li
/sĭaŋ/ /pʰuk̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/si̯aŋ/ /pʰuk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
xiāng pu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
soeng1 puk1

Noun

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相撲

  1. mutually rushing at; fighting
  2. xiangpu (traditional Chinese wrestling)
  3. sumo (traditional Japanese wrestling)

Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (相撲):
  • Japanese: 相撲(そうぼく) (sōboku)

Japanese

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
すもう
Grade: 3 Grade: S
jukujikun
Alternative spelling
角力
相撲 (sumō, sumai): a sumo match.
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Derived from Old Japanese verb 争ふ (sumapu), modern 争う (sumau, to contend, resist, compete (in sumo, for example)).[1][2][3]

There are two leading theories regarding the derivation:

/sumapu//sumaɸu/ → */sumawu//sumau//sumɔː//sumoː/
  • May be an instance of ウ音便 (u onbin, “u” sound shift), found in terms with bilabial consonants (/m/, /b/, /w/) followed by i:[1][3]
⟨sumapi1 → */sumapʲi//sumaɸi//sumawi/ → */sumawu//sumau//sumɔː//sumoː/

That said, the nominalization of terminal/attributive verb forms is quite rare in Japanese, whereas the “u” sound shift pattern is not uncommon.

The kanji spelling is either from the native sumai or Sino-Japanese sōboku readings below.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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相撲(すもう) (sumōすまふ (sumafu)?

  1. sumo (Japanese traditional wrestling)
    Synonym: 角力 (kakuryoku)
  2. Short for 相撲取り (sumōtori): a sumo wrestler
    Synonyms: 力士 (rikishi), お相撲さん (osumōsan)
  3. (historical) Short for 相撲の節 (Sumō no Sechi) or 相撲の節会 (Sumō no Sechie): in the Heian period, a special ceremonial sumo match held in July to help ensure a good harvest
Derived terms
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Idioms
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Descendants
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Proper noun

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相撲(すもう) (Sumōすまふ (Sumafu)?

  1. a surname

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
すまい
Grade: 3 Grade: S
jukujikun
Alternative spelling
角力

⟨sumapi1 → */sumapʲi//sumaɸi//sumawi//sumai/

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, continuative or stem form) of Old Japanese verb 争ふ (sumapu), modern 争う (sumau, to contend, resist, compete (in sumo, for example)), likely derived in turn from verb 済む (sumu, to settle, finish, intransitive) as the 未然形 (mizenkei, incomplete form) suma + auxiliary verb (fu, indicating repetitive or ongoing action) → “on the verge of being settled” → “to be in competition”.

The kanji spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 相撲 (MC sjang phuwk, literally “mutually striking”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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相撲(すまい) (sumaiすまひ (sumafi)?

  1. (archaic, possibly obsolete) a competition of power and skill, similar to modern-day sumo
    • 938, Minamoto no Shitagō, Wamyō Ruijushō, volume 4:
      相撲 漢武故事云:「角觝[丁礼反。訓与突同]今之相撲也。」王隱晉書云:「相撲[撲音。蒲角反。和名:須末比。本朝相撲記有占手、垂髪、総角、最手、助手、等之名別。亦有立合、相撲長也。]下伎也。」
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  2. (archaic, possibly obsolete) Short for 相撲取り (sumaitori): a sumo wrestler
    Synonym: 相撲人 (sumaibito)
  3. (historical, archaic) Short for 相撲の節 (Sumai no Sechi) or 相撲の節会 (Sumai no Sechie): in the Heian period, a special ceremonial sumo match held in July to help ensure a good harvest
Derived terms
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Idioms
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Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
すもん
Grade: 3 Grade: S
jukujikun

/sumɔː//sumɔɴ//sumoɴ/

Edo-period shift from sumō above.

Noun

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相撲(すもん) (sumon

  1. (obsolete) Same as すもう (sumō) above

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
そう
Grade: 3
ぼく
Grade: S
goon kan'yōon

/sauboku//sɔːboku//soːboku/

From Middle Chinese 相撲 (MC sjang phuwk). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Noun

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(そう)(ぼく) (sōbokuさうぼく (sauboku)?

  1. (obsolete) a competition of power and skill, similar to modern-day sumo

References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  3. 3.0 3.1 相撲”, in 日本大百科全書:ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, Encyclopedia Nipponica)[1] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984
  4. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  6. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Old Japanese

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, continuative or stem form) of verb 爭ふ (sumapu, to contend, resist), likely derived in turn from verb 濟む (sumu, to settle, finish, intransitive) as the 未然形 (mizenkei, incomplete form) suma + auxiliary verb (pu, indicating repetitive or ongoing action).

The kanji spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 相撲 (MC sjang phuwk, literally “mutually striking”).

Noun

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相撲 (sumapi1) (kana すまひ)

  1. a competition of power and skill, similar to modern-day sumo

Descendants

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  • Japanese: 相撲 (sumai → sumō)