北京

Chinese

		north	capital; Beijing (abbrev.)
simp. and trad. (北京)		北	京
Literally: “northern capital”.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Běijīng

  (Zhuyin): ㄅㄟˇ ㄐㄧㄥ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): bak¹ ging¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): Pet-kîn
• Min Dong (BUC): Báe̤k-gĭng
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): Pak-kiaⁿ

  (Teochew, Peng'im): bag⁴ gian¹

• Wu (Wiktionary): poq jin (T4)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: Běijīng
    • Zhuyin: ㄅㄟˇ ㄐㄧㄥ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Beeijing
    • IPA ^(key): /peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: bak¹ ging¹
    • Yale: bāk gīng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: bak⁷ ging¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: beg¹ ging¹
    • IPA ^(key): /pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Pet-kîn
    • Hakka Romanization System: bed` gin´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: bed⁵ gin¹
    • IPA: /pet̚² kin²⁴/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: Báe̤k-gĭng
    • IPA ^(key): /pøyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kiŋ⁵⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Pak-kiaⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: Pak-kiann
    • Phofsit Daibuun: pakkviaf
    • IPA (Xiamen): /pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: bag⁴ gian¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: pak kiaⁿ
    • IPA ^(key): /pak̚²⁻⁴ kĩã³³/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: poq jin (T4)
    • IPA ^(key): /pʊʔ³³ t͡ɕɪɲ⁴⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: /pək̚  kˠiæŋ/▼

Rime
Character	北	京
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	德 (131)	庚 (111)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	博墨切	舉卿切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pək̚/	/kˠiæŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/pək̚/	/kᵚiaŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/pək̚/	/kiaŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/pək̚/	/kiajŋ/
Li Rong	/pək̚/	/kiɐŋ/
Wang Li	/pək̚/	/kĭɐŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/pək̚/	/ki̯ɐŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bo	jīng

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter-Sagart): /*pˤək  [k]raŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*pɯːɡ  kraŋ/

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	北	京
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	běi	jīng
Middle Chinese	‹ pok ›	‹ kjæng ›
Old Chinese	/*pˤək/	/*[k]raŋ/
English	north	hill; capital city
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	北	京
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	414	6828
Phonetic component	北	京
Rime group	職	陽
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	北	驚
Old Chinese	/*pɯːɡ/	/*kraŋ/

Proper noun

北京

1. northern capital
   1. [5^th century CE] Jiankang (capital of Liu Song dynasty)—in modern-day Nanjing, Jiangsu province
   2. [5^th century CE] Jingkou (birthplace of Liu Song dynasty)—in modern-day Zhenjiang, Jiangsu province
   3. [5^th century CE] Pingcheng (capital of Northern Wei dynasty)—in modern-day Datong, Shanxi province
   4. [8^th–10^th centuries CE] Taiyuan Fu (birthplace of Tang dynasty and many subsequent states)—in modern-day Taiyuan, Shanxi province
   5. [11^th century CE] Daming Fu (visited by Emperor Zhenzong)—in modern-day Handan, Hebei province
   6. [12^th century CE] Shangjing Linhuang Fu (one of the capitals of Jin dynasty)—in modern-day Chifeng, Inner Mongolia
   7. [12^th century CE] Zhongdu (one of the capitals of Jin dynasty)—in modern-day Beijing
   8. [14^th century CE] Kaifeng Fu (Ming dynasty)—in modern-day Kaifeng, Henan province
   9. [since 15^th century CE] (～市) Beijing (capital of Ming, Qing, ROC formerly and now PRC)

      The name was chosen by the Yongle Emperor to distinguish the city from 南京 (Nánjīng, “Nanjing; southern capital”).

      • 中國的首都是北京。 [MSC, trad.]

        中国的首都是北京。 [MSC, simp.]

        Zhōngguó de shǒudū shì Běijīng. [Pinyin]

        The capital of China is Beijing.

Synonyms

• (Beijing): (historical) 北平 (Běipíng), 燕京 (Yānjīng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (北京):

• Korean: 북경 (北京, Bukgyeong)
• Vietnamese: Bắc Kinh (北京)

Others:

• Dutch: Peking
• English: Beijing, Peking
• French: Pékin
• German: Peking, Pekingen
• Italian: Pechino
• Japanese: 北 (ペ)京 (キン) (Pekin)

• Korean: 베이징 (Beijing)
• Latin: Pechinum
• Portuguese: Pequim
• Russian: Пеки́н (Pekín)
• Spanish: Pekín, Pequín

See also

• Other capitals in the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China: 南京 (Nánjīng) — 洛陽／洛阳 (Luòyáng) — 西安 (Xī'ān)
• Other directions: 南京 (Nánjīng, “southern capital”) — 東京／东京 (Dōngjīng, “eastern capital”) — 西京 (Xījīng, “western capital”)

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Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
北	京
ぺ Grade: 2	きん Grade: 2
Irregular

From dialectal Chinese 北京 (literally “northern capital”)

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ペ​キン [péꜜkìǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [pe̞kʲĩɴ]

Proper noun

北京 (katakana ペキン, rōmaji Pekin)

1. Beijing; Peking

Derived terms

• 北 (ペ)京 (キン)語 (ご) (Pekin-go)
• 北 (ペ)京 (キン)人 (じん) (Pekin-jin)

See also

• 南 (なん)京 (きん) (Nankin)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
北	京
ほく > ほっ Grade: 2	きょう Grade: 2
on’yomi

Pronunciation

• On’yomi: Goon
  • (Tokyo) ほっきょー [hòkkyóó] (Heiban – [0])
  • IPA^(key): [ho̞k̚ʲkʲo̞ː]

Noun

北京 (hiragana ほっきょう, rōmaji hokkyō, historical hiragana ほくきやう)

1. (literally) a northern capital

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Korean

Hanja in this term
北	京

Proper noun

北京 • (Bukgyeong) (hangeul 북경)

1. Hanja form^? of 북경, “Beijing”.

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Vietnamese

Hán tự in this word
北	京

Proper noun

北京

1. Hán tự form of Bắc Kinh, “Beijing”