京

See also: 亰

京	U+4EAC, 京 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EAC

← 享
[U+4EAB]

CJK Unified Ideographs

亭 →
[U+4EAD]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order

Han character[edit]

京 (radical 8, 亠+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 卜口火 (YRF), four-corner 0090₆, composition ⿳亠口小)

Derived characters[edit]

倞惊掠弶涼(凉) 猄婛𠶛𡌿𡹡𡬱琼晾椋㹁稤䁁䃄綡(𫟅) 翞諒(谅) 輬(辌) 䝶䣼𨂙鍄鯨(鲸) 黥剠勍就鶁𡹞景麖

References[edit]

KangXi: page 88, character 19
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 299
Dae Jaweon: page 187, character 11
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 284, character 6
Unihan data for U+4EAC

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.		京
alternative forms		亰𡬱𢂋𦣿

Wikipedia has an article on:

京

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 京

Shang

Western Zhou

Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)

Liushutong (compiled in Ming)

Oracle bone script

Bronze inscriptions

Small seal script

Transcribed ancient scripts

**Oracle bone script**
j13492	j13493	j13494	j13495	j13496	j13497	j13498	j13499
j13500	j13501	j13502	j13503	j13504	j13505	j13506	j13507
j13508

**Bronze inscriptions**
b08306	b08307	b08308	b08309	b08310	b08311	b08312	b08313
b08314	b08315	b08316	b08317	b08318	b08319	b08320	b08321
b08322	b08323	b08324

**Small seal script**
s03835

**Transcribed ancient scripts**
L33123	L33124	L33125	L33126	L33127	L33128	L33129	L33130
L33131	L10565	L10566	L10567	L10568	L10569	L10570	L10571
L10572	L10573	L10574	L10575	L10576	L10577	L10578	L10579
L10580	L10581

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (京) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
涼	ɡ·raŋ, ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raŋs
凉	*ɡ·raŋ
椋	*ɡ·raŋ
綡	*ɡ·raŋ
輬	*ɡ·raŋ
諒	*ɡ·raŋs
掠	ɡ·raŋs, ɡ·raɡ
弶	*ɡaŋs
京	*kraŋ
麖	*kraŋ
鶁	*kraŋ
景	*kraŋʔ
鯨	*ɡraŋ
黥	*ɡraŋ
勍	*ɡraŋ
剠	*ɡraŋ
倞	*ɡraŋs
影	*qraŋʔ
璟	qraŋʔ, kʷraŋʔ
憬	*kʷraŋʔ
暻	*kʷraŋʔ
澋	*ɡʷraːŋʔ

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Etymology[edit]

Either from:

Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-gaŋ (“hill, ridge, mountain”) (STEDT), cognate with 岡 (OC *klaːŋ, “hill, crest”), 鯨 (OC *ɡraŋ, “whale”), Tibetan སྒང༌ (sgang, “ridge; mound”), Burmese ခင် (hkang, “ridge”), Burmese အခေါင် (a.hkaung, “summit”), Lahu qhɔ³³ (“mountain”), Sulung gɹaŋ³³ (“mountain”), Proto-Tamangic *ᴬgaŋ ("hill, mountain"); or
of Austroasiatic origin, compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *graŋ (“hill, peak”) (Schuessler, 2007), whence Mon ဂြၚ် (krɛ̀aŋ, “peak”) and Old Khmer grāṅ (“hill on flat land”).

Within Chinese, cognate with 景 (OC *kraŋʔ, “large”), 鯨 (OC *ɡraŋ, “whale”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation[edit]

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): jīng (jing¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥ

(Chengdu, SP): jin¹

(Dungan, Cyrillic): җин (žin, I)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): ging¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): gen¹
Gan (Wiktionary): jin¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kîn

(Meixian, Guangdong): gin¹
Jin (Wiktionary): jing¹
Min Bei (KCR): géng
Min Dong (BUC): gĭng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): kiaⁿ / keng

(Teochew, Peng'im): gian¹
Wu (Wiktionary): jin (T1)
Xiang (Wiktionary): jin¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: jīng
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ
  - Wade–Giles: ching¹
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jing
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: jin¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gin
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic: җин (žin, I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: ging¹
  - Yale: gīng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ging¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: ging¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɪŋ⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: gen¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ken³³/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: jin¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕin⁴²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kîn
  - Hakka Romanization System: gin´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gin¹
  - Sinological IPA: /kin²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: gin¹
  - Sinological IPA: /cin⁴⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: jing¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕĩŋ¹¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: géng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /keiŋ⁵⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gĭng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiŋ⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiaⁿ / keng
  - Tâi-lô: kiann / king
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kviaf, kefng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kiã⁴⁴/, /kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiã³³/, /kiɪŋ³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiã⁴⁴/, /kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kiã⁴⁴/, /kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiã⁴⁴/, /kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

Note:

kiaⁿ - vernacular;
keng - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: gian¹
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiaⁿ
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kĩã³³/

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: jin (T1)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕɪɲ⁵³/

Xiang

(Changsha)
- Wiktionary: jin¹
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕin³³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 京
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/t͡ɕiŋ²¹/
	Jinan	/t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
	Qingdao	/t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/
	Xi'an	/t͡ɕiŋ²¹/
	Xining	/t͡ɕiə̃⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/t͡ɕĩn³¹/
	Ürümqi	/t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/t͡ɕĩ/
	Nanjing	/t͡ɕin³¹/
	Hefei	/t͡ɕin²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/t͡ɕiŋ¹³/ /t͡ɕi¹³/ ～陵城
	Hohhot	/t͡ɕĩŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/
	Suzhou	/t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/t͡ɕin³³/
	Wenzhou	/t͡ɕaŋ³³/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕiʌ̃³¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/t͡ɕiɛ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡ɕin³³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/t͡ɕin³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡ɕin⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/kin⁴⁴/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/kin²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/keŋ⁵³/
	Nanning	/keŋ⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/kiŋ⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/kiŋ⁵⁵/ /kiã⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/kiŋ⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/keiŋ⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/kiã³³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/keŋ²³/

Middle Chinese: /kˠiæŋ/

Rime
Character	京
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	庚 (111)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	舉卿切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠiæŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚiaŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kiaŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kiajŋ/
Li Rong	/kiɐŋ/
Wang Li	/kĭɐŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/ki̯ɐŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jīng

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]raŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*kraŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	京
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jīng
Middle Chinese	‹ kjæng ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]raŋ/
English	hill; capital city
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	京
Reading #	1/1
No.	6828
Phonetic component	京
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	驚
Old Chinese	/*kraŋ/

Definitions[edit]

京

capital (city)
- 三后在天，王配于京。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, circa 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Sān hòu zài tiān, wáng pèi yú jīng. [Pinyin]
  The three sovereigns were in heaven; and king [Wu] was their worthy successor in his capital.
Short for 北京 (Běijīng, “Beijing”). after 1949
Short for 南京 (Nánjīng, “Nanjing”). during 1927 - 1948
Short for 京都 (jīngdū, “Kyoto”). when referring Japan-related topics
^† tall mound
- 曾孫之庾，如坻如京。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  曾孙之庾，如坻如京。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, circa 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Céngsūn zhī yǔ, rú dǐ rú jīng. [Pinyin]
  The stacks of the distant descendant, will stand like islands and mounds.
^† large barn
^† large; great
- 有媯之後，將育于姜，五世其昌，並于正卿，八世之後，莫之與京。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  有妫之后，将育于姜，五世其昌，并于正卿，八世之后，莫之与京。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Commentary of Zuo, circa 4^th century BCE
  Yǒuguī zhīhòu, jiāng yù yú Jiāng, wǔshìqíchāng, bìng yú zhèngqīng, bā shì zhīhòu, mò zhī yǔ jīng. [Pinyin]
  The posterity of this scion of the Gui [surname of the House of Chen] will be nourished among the Jiang [surname of the House of Qi]. In five generations they will be prosperous, and the highest ministers in Qi; in eight, there will be none to compare with them for greatness.
(obsolete) ten million, 10⁷
(obsolete) ten quadrillion, 10¹⁶
(obsolete) septillion, 10²⁴
(obsolete) A hundred nonillion, 10³²

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 京

上京 (shàngjīng)
中京 (Zhōngjīng)
二京
五日京兆 (wǔrìjīngzhào)
京二胡 (jīng'èrhú)
京京 (jīngjīng)
京倉／京仓
京債／京债
京兆
京兆尹
京八寸
京劇／京剧 (jīngjù)
京口
京味
京味兒／京味儿
京城 (jīngchéng)
京堂
京報／京报
京字頭／京字头 (jīngzìtóu)
京官
京室
京察
京尹
京山 (Jīngshān)
京師／京师 (jīngshī)
京府
京戲／京戏 (jīngxì)
京斯敦 (Jīngsīdūn)
京族 (jīngzú)
京東大鼓／京东大鼓
京江

京油子
京洛
京津大鼓
京派 (jīngpài)
京滬鐵路／京沪铁路
京片子 (jīngpiànzi)
京畿 (jīngjī)
京畿令
京白
京白梨
京縣／京县
京繡／京绣
京胡 (jīnghú)
京腔 (jīngqiāng)
京花子
京菜
京華／京华 (jīnghuá)
京觀／京观
京話／京话
京語／京语 (jīngyǔ)
京調／京调 (jīngdiào)
京邑 (jīngyì)
京都 (jīngdū)
京闕／京阙 (jīngquè)
京韻大鼓／京韵大鼓
光復舊京／光复旧京
兩京／两京 (liǎngjīng)
北京 (Běijīng)
北京之春
北京人 (Běijīngrén)
北京大學／北京大学

北京時間／北京时间 (Běijīng Shíjiān)
北京條約／北京条约
北京狗 (běijīnggǒu)
北京鴨／北京鸭
南京 (Nánjīng)
南京條約／南京条约
四京
帝京
放京債／放京债
東京／东京 (Dōngjīng)
東京影展／东京影展
東京灣／东京湾
東京股市／东京股市
汴京 (Biànjīng)
洛京
海京
灤京／滦京
燕京 (Yānjīng)
玉京
盛京 (Shèngjīng)
研京練都／研京练都
神京 (shénjīng)
維京人／维京人 (wéijīngrén)
莫之與京／莫之与京
西京 (Xījīng)
西京賦／西京赋
西京雜記／西京杂记
進京／进京
鎬京／镐京 (hàojīng)
陪京

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (京):

→ Japanese: 京(きょう) (kyō); 京(けい) (kei)
→ Korean: 경 (京, gyeong)
→ Vietnamese: kinh (京)

References[edit]

“京”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00065

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

Readings[edit]

Go-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)^{←きやう (kyau, historical)}
Kan-on: けい (kei, Jōyō)
Tō-on: きん (kin)
Kun: みやこ (miyako, 京)
Nanori: あつ (atsu); たか (taka)

Compounds[edit]

上京 (じょうきょう, Jōkyō)
中京 (ちゅうきょう, Chūkyō)
京人
京人形
京劇
京地
京大
京女
京師
京形
京成
京方
京洛
京浜 (けいひん, Keihin)
京滋地方
京物
京菜
京華
京葉
京表
京都 (きょうと, kyōto; きやうと)
京阪 (けいはん, keihan)
京響
京風
入京 (にゅうきょう, nyūkyō)
出京
北京 (ぺきん, pekin, ペキン)
南京
在京
帝京
帰京
平城京 (へいじょうきょう, Heijōkyō)
平安京
東京 (とうきょう, tōkyō; とうきゃう; とうけい, tōkei; トンキン, tonkin)
滞京
英京
退京
離京

Etymology 1[edit]

/kyau/ > /kyoː/.

Noun[edit]

京(きょう) • (kyō) (historical kana きやう)

capital (city)
Short for 東京 (Tōkyō).
Short for 京都 (Kyōto).

Etymology 2[edit]

宮 (miya, “imperial palace”) +‎ 処 (ko, “place”).

Noun[edit]

京(みやこ) • (miyako)

the place where the emperor resides
a city that acts as an economic and political center; capital
metropolis

Etymology 3[edit]

Number[edit]

京 (けい, kei)

10,000,000,000,000,000, 10¹⁶, (US) ten quadrillion, (UK) ten thousand billion

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

京 (eum 경 (gyeong))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds[edit]

京釜 (경부, Gyeongbu)
京仁 (경인, Gyeongin)

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

京: Hán Nôm readings: kinh

capital city
Kinh ( Viet ) ethnic group

Chinese numerals
10⁴	10⁸	10¹²	10¹⁶	10²⁰	10²⁴	10²⁸	10³²	10³⁶	10⁴⁰	10⁴⁴	10⁴⁸
萬／万 (wàn)	億／亿 (yì)	兆 (zhào) (Taiwan)	京 (jīng) (Taiwan)	垓 (gāi)	秭 (zǐ)	穰 (ráng)	溝／沟 (gōu)	澗／涧 (jiàn)	正 (zhèng)	載／载 (zài)	極／极 (jí)
萬／万 (wàn)	億／亿 (yì)	萬億／万亿 (wànyì) (Mainland China)	億億/亿亿 (Mainland China)	垓 (gāi)	秭 (zǐ)	穰 (ráng)	溝／沟 (gōu)	澗／涧 (jiàn)	正 (zhèng)	載／载 (zài)	極／极 (jí)

Japanese numerical compounds with 京(けい) (kei)
10¹⁶	2 × 10¹⁶	3 × 10¹⁶	4 × 10¹⁶	5 × 10¹⁶	6 × 10¹⁶	7 × 10¹⁶	8 × 10¹⁶	9 × 10¹⁶	10¹⁷	10¹⁸
一(いっ)京(けい) (ikkei)	二(に)京(けい) (nikei)	三(さん)京(けい) (sankei)	四(よん)京(けい) (yonkei)	五(ご)京(けい) (gokei)	六(ろっ)京(けい) (rokkei)	七(なな)京(けい) (nanakei)	八(はっ)京(けい) (hakkei)	九(きゅう)京(けい) (kyūkei)	十(じゅっ)京(けい) (jukkei)	百(ひゃっ)京(けい) (hyakkei)

京

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

See also[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Noun[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Noun[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Number[edit]

See also[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Compounds[edit]

See also[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

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