京

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See also: 亰
京 U+4EAC, 京
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EAC
← 享
[U+4EAB] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 亭 →
[U+4EAD]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character[edit]

京 (Kangxi radical 8, 亠+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 卜口火 (YRF), four-corner 00906, composition ⿳亠口小)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 88, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 299
  • Dae Jaweon: page 187, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 284, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+4EAC

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 京
alternative forms 亰
𡬱
𢂋
𦣿
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 京 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 京 (Cantonese)
  • 京 (Classical)

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 京
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
京-oracle.svg 京-bronze.svg 京-seal.svg 京-bigseal.svg
Oracle bone script
ACC-j13492.svg

j13492

ACC-j13493.svg

j13493

ACC-j13494.svg

j13494

ACC-j13495.svg

j13495

ACC-j13496.svg

j13496

ACC-j13497.svg

j13497

ACC-j13498.svg

j13498

ACC-j13499.svg

j13499

ACC-j13500.svg

j13500

ACC-j13501.svg

j13501

ACC-j13502.svg

j13502

ACC-j13503.svg

j13503

ACC-j13504.svg

j13504

ACC-j13505.svg

j13505

ACC-j13506.svg

j13506

ACC-j13507.svg

j13507

ACC-j13508.svg

j13508

Bronze inscriptions
ACC-b08306.svg

b08306

ACC-b08307.svg

b08307

ACC-b08308.svg

b08308

ACC-b08309.svg

b08309

ACC-b08310.svg

b08310

ACC-b08311.svg

b08311

ACC-b08312.svg

b08312

ACC-b08313.svg

b08313

ACC-b08314.svg

b08314

ACC-b08315.svg

b08315

ACC-b08316.svg

b08316

ACC-b08317.svg

b08317

ACC-b08318.svg

b08318

ACC-b08319.svg

b08319

ACC-b08320.svg

b08320

ACC-b08321.svg

b08321

ACC-b08322.svg

b08322

ACC-b08323.svg

b08323

ACC-b08324.svg

b08324

Small seal script
ACC-s03835.svg

s03835

Transcribed ancient scripts
ACC-L33123.svg

L33123

ACC-L33124.svg

L33124

ACC-L33125.svg

L33125

ACC-L33126.svg

L33126

ACC-L33127.svg

L33127

ACC-L33128.svg

L33128

ACC-L33129.svg

L33129

ACC-L33130.svg

L33130

ACC-L33131.svg

L33131

ACC-L10565.svg

L10565

ACC-L10566.svg

L10566

ACC-L10567.svg

L10567

ACC-L10568.svg

L10568

ACC-L10569.svg

L10569

ACC-L10570.svg

L10570

ACC-L10571.svg

L10571

ACC-L10572.svg

L10572

ACC-L10573.svg

L10573

ACC-L10574.svg

L10574

ACC-L10575.svg

L10575

ACC-L10576.svg

L10576

ACC-L10577.svg

L10577

ACC-L10578.svg

L10578

ACC-L10579.svg

L10579

ACC-L10580.svg

L10580

ACC-L10581.svg

L10581

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (京) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
涼 *ɡ·raŋ, *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raŋs
凉 *ɡ·raŋ
椋 *ɡ·raŋ
綡 *ɡ·raŋ
輬 *ɡ·raŋ
諒 *ɡ·raŋs
掠 *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raɡ
弶 *ɡaŋs
京 *kraŋ
麖 *kraŋ
鶁 *kraŋ
景 *kraŋʔ
鯨 *ɡraŋ
黥 *ɡraŋ
勍 *ɡraŋ
剠 *ɡraŋ
倞 *ɡraŋs
影 *qraŋʔ
璟 *qraŋʔ, *kʷraŋʔ
憬 *kʷraŋʔ
暻 *kʷraŋʔ
澋 *ɡʷraːŋʔ

According to Shuowen, from 高, where the lower 口 is reduced to 丨.

Etymology 1[edit]

Either from:

Within Chinese, cognate with 景 (OC *kraŋʔ, “large”), 鯨 (OC *ɡraŋ, “whale”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • kiaⁿ - vernacular;
  • keng - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 京
    Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
    Harbin /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
    Tianjin /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/
    Jinan /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
    Qingdao /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
    Zhengzhou /t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/
    Xi'an /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/
    Xining /t͡ɕiə̃⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
    Lanzhou /t͡ɕĩn³¹/
    Ürümqi /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
    Wuhan /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
    Chengdu /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
    Guiyang /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
    Kunming /t͡ɕĩ⁴⁴/
    Nanjing /t͡ɕin³¹/
    Hefei /t͡ɕin²¹/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/
    Pingyao /t͡ɕiŋ¹³/
    /t͡ɕi¹³/ ～陵城
    Hohhot /t͡ɕĩŋ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/
    Suzhou /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
    Hangzhou /t͡ɕin³³/
    Wenzhou /t͡ɕaŋ³³/
    Hui Shexian /t͡ɕiʌ̃³¹/
    Tunxi /t͡ɕiɛ¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕin³³/
    Xiangtan /t͡ɕin³³/
    Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕin⁴²/
    Hakka Meixian /kin⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /kin²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /keŋ⁵³/
    Nanning /keŋ⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /kiŋ⁵⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kiŋ⁵⁵/
    /kiã⁵⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kiŋ⁴⁴/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /keiŋ⁵⁴/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /kiã³³/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /keŋ²³/
    Rime
    Character 京
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 庚 (111)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 舉卿切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kˠiæŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kᵚiaŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kiaŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kiajŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/kiɐŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/kĭɐŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ki̯ɐŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jīng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		ging1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 京
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		jīng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kjæng ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[k]raŋ/
    English hill; capital city

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 京
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 6828
    Phonetic
    component         		京
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		驚
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kraŋ/

    Definitions[edit]

    京

    1. ⁜ capital (city)
      京城  ―  jīngchéng  ―  capital city
      京畿  ―  jīngjī  ―  capital city and its surrounding area
      泰京  ―  Tàijīng  ―  (Thailand) Bangkok (the capital city of Thailand)
      墨京  ―  Mòjīng  ―  (dated) Mexico City (the capital city of Mexico)
    2. Short for 北京 (Běijīng, “Beijing”). after 1949
      京劇 / 京剧  ―  jīngjù  ―  Beijing opera
      京腔  ―  jīngqiāng  ―  Beijing accent
    3. Short for 南京 (Nánjīng, “Nanjing”). during 1927 - 1948
    4. Short for 京都 (jīngdū, “Kyoto”). when referring Japan-related topics
    5. † tall mound
    6. † large barn
    7. † large; great
    8. † ten million, 107
    9. † ten quadrillion, 1016
    10. † septillion, 1024
    11. † A hundred nonillion, 1032
    See also[edit]
    Chinese numerals
    104 108 1012 1016 1020 1024 1028 1032 1036 1040 1044 1048
    萬／万 (wàn) 億／亿 (yì) 兆 (zhào) (Taiwan) 京 (jīng) (Taiwan) 垓 (gāi) 秭 (zǐ) 穰 (ráng) 溝／沟 (gōu) 澗／涧 (jiàn) 正 (zhèng) 載／载 (zài) 極／极 (jí)
    萬億／万亿 (wànyì)
    (Mainland China)         		億億/亿亿
    (Mainland China)

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 京

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (京):
    • → Japanese: 京(きょう) (kyō); 京(けい) (kei)
    • → Korean: 경 (京, gyeong)
    • → Vietnamese: kinh (京)

    References[edit]

    Etymology 2[edit]

    From Vietnamese Kinh, via Cantonese.

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 京
    Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
    Harbin /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
    Tianjin /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/
    Jinan /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
    Qingdao /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
    Zhengzhou /t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/
    Xi'an /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/
    Xining /t͡ɕiə̃⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
    Lanzhou /t͡ɕĩn³¹/
    Ürümqi /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
    Wuhan /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
    Chengdu /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
    Guiyang /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
    Kunming /t͡ɕĩ⁴⁴/
    Nanjing /t͡ɕin³¹/
    Hefei /t͡ɕin²¹/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/
    Pingyao /t͡ɕiŋ¹³/
    /t͡ɕi¹³/ ～陵城
    Hohhot /t͡ɕĩŋ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/
    Suzhou /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
    Hangzhou /t͡ɕin³³/
    Wenzhou /t͡ɕaŋ³³/
    Hui Shexian /t͡ɕiʌ̃³¹/
    Tunxi /t͡ɕiɛ¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕin³³/
    Xiangtan /t͡ɕin³³/
    Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕin⁴²/
    Hakka Meixian /kin⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /kin²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /keŋ⁵³/
    Nanning /keŋ⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /kiŋ⁵⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kiŋ⁵⁵/
    /kiã⁵⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kiŋ⁴⁴/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /keiŋ⁵⁴/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /kiã³³/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /keŋ²³/

    Adjective[edit]

    京

    1. ethnic Vietnamese from China

    Compounds[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    京

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. capital city
    2. ten quadrillion (short scale); ten thousand billion (long scale); 1016
    3. Tokyo
    4. Kyoto

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    京
    きょう
    Grade: 2
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 京 (MC kˠiæŋ).

    Noun[edit]

    京(きょう) • (kyō) ←きやう (kyau)?

    1. capital city
    2. Short for 京都 (Kyōto, “Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)”).
      京言葉(きょうことば) (kyōkotoba)
      京(きょう)の着倒(きだお)れ、大阪(おおさか)の食(く)い倒(だお)れ
      Kyō no kidaore, Ōsaka no kuidaore
      (please add an English translation of this example)

    Affix[edit]

    京(きょう) • (kyō) ←きやう (kyau)?

    1. capital city
      Synonym: (literary) 洛 (raku)
    2. (specifically) Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)
      Synonym: (literary) 洛 (raku)
    3. (especially) Tōkyō (a province of Japan)
      上京(じょうきょう) (jōkyō)

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    京
    みやこ
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    宮 (miya, “imperial palace”) +‎ 処 (ko, “place”).

    Noun[edit]

    京(みやこ) • (miyako) 

    1. the place where the emperor resides
    2. a city that acts as an economic and political center; capital
    3. metropolis

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    京
    けい
    Grade: 2
    on’yomi

    Number[edit]

    京(けい) • (kei) 

    1. 10,000,000,000,000,000, 1016, (US) ten quadrillion, (UK) ten thousand billion

    See also[edit]

    Japanese numerical compounds with 京(けい) (kei)
    1016 2 × 1016 3 × 1016 4 × 1016 5 × 1016 6 × 1016 7 × 1016 8 × 1016 9 × 1016 1017 1018
    一(いっ)京(けい) (ikkei) 二(に)京(けい) (nikei) 三(さん)京(けい) (sankei) 四(よん)京(けい) (yonkei) 五(ご)京(けい) (gokei) 六(ろっ)京(けい) (rokkei) 七(なな)京(けい) (nanakei) 八(はっ)京(けい) (hakkei) 九(きゅう)京(けい) (kyūkei) 十(じゅっ)京(けい) (jukkei) 百(ひゃっ)京(けい) (hyakkei)

    Korean[edit]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 京 (MC kˠiæŋ). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “what is its historical reading?”)

    Hanja[edit]

    京 (eumhun 서울 경 (seoul gyeong))
    京 (eumhun 경 경 (gyeong gyeong))

    1. Hanja form? of 경 (“capital”).
    2. Hanja form? of 경 (“10,000,000,000,000,000, 1016, (US) ten quadrillion, (UK) ten thousand billion”).

    Compounds[edit]

    See also[edit]

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]
    • Supreme Court of the Republic of Korea (대한민국 대법원, Daehanmin'guk Daebeobwon) (2018). Table of hanja for personal names (인명용 한자표 / 人名用漢字表, Inmyeong-yong hanja-pyo), page 3. [3]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    京: Hán Việt readings: kinh[1][2][3][4][5][6], nguyên
    京: Nôm readings: kinh[1][2][3], kiêng[1][2][3][7], kềnh[1], kình[1]

    Noun[edit]

    京 • (kinh)

    1. chữ Hán form of kinh (“capital city”).

    Adjective[edit]

    京 • (Kinh)

    1. chữ Hán form of Kinh (“ethnically Vietnamese”).

    Verb[edit]

    京 • (kiêng)

    1. Nôm form of kiêng (“to respect”).

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
    4. ^ Nguyễn (1974).
    5. ^ Trần (1999).
    6. ^ Thiều Chửu (1942).
    7. ^ Hồ (1976).
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