鯨

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
See also: 鲸
鯨 U+9BE8, 鯨
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9BE8
← 鯧
[U+9BE7] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 鯩 →
[U+9BE9]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

鯨 (Kangxi radical 195, 魚+8, 19 strokes, cangjie input 弓火卜口火 (NFYRF), four-corner 20396, composition ⿰魚京)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1473, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 46257
  • Dae Jaweon: page 2005, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4698, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+9BE8

Chinese[edit]

trad. 鯨
simp. 鲸
alternative forms 䲔
𩼃
𮔥

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 鯨
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (京) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
涼 *ɡ·raŋ, *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raŋs
凉 *ɡ·raŋ
椋 *ɡ·raŋ
綡 *ɡ·raŋ
輬 *ɡ·raŋ
諒 *ɡ·raŋs
掠 *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raɡ
弶 *ɡaŋs
京 *kraŋ
麖 *kraŋ
鶁 *kraŋ
景 *kraŋʔ
鯨 *ɡraŋ
黥 *ɡraŋ
勍 *ɡraŋ
剠 *ɡraŋ
倞 *ɡraŋs
影 *qraŋʔ
璟 *qraŋʔ, *kʷraŋʔ
憬 *kʷraŋʔ
暻 *kʷraŋʔ
澋 *ɡʷraːŋʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡraŋ): semantic 魚 (“fish”) + phonetic 京 (OC *kraŋ).

Etymology[edit]

Cognate with 京 (OC *kraŋ, “mound; capital; great”) (Wang, 1982).

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 鯨
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 群 (30)
Final (韻) 庚 (111)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 渠京切
Baxter gjaeng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɡˠiæŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɡᵚiaŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɡiaŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/giajŋ/
Li
Rong 		/ɡiɐŋ/
Wang
Li 		/ɡĭɐŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/gi̯ɐŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		qíng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		king4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 鯨
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jīng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ gjæng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɡ]raŋ/
English whale

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 鯨
Reading # 1/1
No. 6832
Phonetic
component 		京
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		擎
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡraŋ/

Definitions[edit]

鯨

  1. whale
  2. † great; huge

Synonyms[edit]

Dialectal synonyms of 鯨魚 (“whale”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 鯨
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 鯨
Taxonomic name 鯨
Mandarin Beijing 鯨魚
Taiwan 鯨魚
Jinan 鯨魚
Guilin 鯨魚
Yangzhou 鯨魚
Singapore 鯨魚
Cantonese Guangzhou 鯨魚
Hong Kong 鯨魚
Taishan 鯨魚
Hakka Miaoli (N. Sixian) 鯨魚, 海鰍
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 鯨魚, 海鰍
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 海鰍, 鯨魚
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 海盎, 鯨魚
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 鯨魚, 海鰍
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 鯨魚, 海鰍
Min Nan Xiamen 海翁
Taipei 海翁
New Taipei (Sanxia) 海翁
Kaohsiung 海翁, 鯨魚
Yilan 海翁, 鯨魚
Changhua (Lukang) 海翁
Taichung 海翁
Tainan 海翁
Hsinchu 海翁
Kinmen 海翁
Penghu (Magong) 海翁
Penang (Hokkien) 鯨魚
Singapore (Hokkien) 海翁, 鯨魚
Leizhou 海公魚
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 鯨魚
Wu Shanghai 鯨魚
Wenzhou 鯨魚

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

鯨

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
鯨
くじら
Grade: S
kun’yomi

/kudira/ → /kud͡ʑira/

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Kojiki of 712 CE with the man'yōgana spelling 久治良 (kudira). Hypothesized as ultimately from reconstructed Proto-Japonic *kuntira.

Ultimate derivation unclear. Theories include an alteration from 口広 (kuchibiro) in reference to the wide mouth;[1] an alteration from 口開く (kuchibiraku) in reference to the gaping mouth; and an alteration from 黒白 (kuroshiro) in reference to the black-and-white coloration of certain cetaceans.[2]

However, the oldest sources clearly spell the term as kudira.

  • This rules out 口 (kuti → kuchi, “mouth”) as an etymon, as the oldest compounds using this term use the bound form kutu, not kuti, and there is no support for a kutu → kudi shift.
  • This also rules out 白 (siro, sira → shiro, shira, “white”) as an etymon. Although rendaku (voicing in compounds) would give modern jira as a reading for 白, the ancient reading of sira would voice to something closer to zira, and there is no support for a zira → dira shift.

Also compare Korean 고래 (gorae) "whale."

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

鯨(くじら) • (kujira) ←くぢら (kudira)?

  1. a whale (large sea mammal)
    • 898–901, Shinsen Jikyō (volume 9 page 1)
      鼇　五労反　久地良（久知）
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    • 898–901, Shinsen Jikyō (volume 9 page 2)
      鼇　敖龜字　背負甲　蓬莱之山遊戯　滄之中　久地良
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    • 1648, Minamoto no Shitagō, Wamyō Ruijushō, volume 8, page 3:
      鯨 鯢 唐韻云、大魚、雄曰鯨、渠京反、雌曰鯢、音蜺、久知良 [...]
      “鯨" and "鯢" are Chinese words for big fishes. Males are called 鯨, whose pronunciation is represented by 渠京 and Females are called 蜺... (Its Japanese pronunciation is 久知良
    • 1603-1604, Nippo Jisho, page 165:
      Cujira. (鯨) 鯨.
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)
Usage notes[edit]

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as クジラ.

Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
鯨
いさ
Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Root isa (“powerful?”) appears to be the same element in verb 勇む (isamu, “to be courageous, to be in high spirits”).[5]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

鯨(いさ) • (isa) 

  1. (archaic) a whale (large sea mammal)
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
鯨
いさな
Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū completed some time after 759 CE,[6] often with the spelling 鯨魚 (literally “whale fish”).

From cognate isa above, suffixed with 魚 (-na, “fish”).[5][4] Sometimes spelled as 勇魚.

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

鯨(いさな) • (isana) 

  1. (archaic) a whale (large sea mammal)
    • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 13, poem 3339); text here
      玉桙之 道尓出立 葦引乃 野行山行 潦 川徃渉 鯨名取 海路丹出而...
      玉桙の 道に出で立ち あしひきの 野行き山行き にはたづみ 川行き渡り 鯨魚取り 海道に出でて...
      たまほこの みちにいでたち あしひきの のゆきやまゆき にはたづみ かはゆきわたり いさなとり うみぢにいでて...
      Tamahoko no / michi ni idetachi / ashi hiki no / no yuki yama yuki / niwatazumi / kawa yuki watari / isana tori umiji ni idete...
      Heading out on the jeweled-spear road, going through the alluring fields and mountains, crossing the puddles and rivers, taking to the whaling sea road ...
Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ 1891, 言海 (Genkai, “Sea of Words”) (in Japanese), lead editor Ōtsuki Fumihiko. Entry available online here.
  2. ^ 2007-2014, 日本辞典 (Nihon Jiten, “Japan Dictionary”), 生物語源辞典 (Seibutsu Gogen Jiten, “Living Organism Etymology Dictionary”) section (in Japanese). Entry available online here.
  3. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  6. ^ c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 13, poem 3335), text available online here

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 鯨 (MC gjaeng).

Recorded as Middle Korean 껴ᇰ (Yale: kkyeng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

Recorded as Middle Korean 겨ᇰ (kyeng) (Yale: kyeng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

鯨 (eumhun 고래 경 (gorae gyeong))

  1. Hanja form? of 경 (“whale”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Kunigami[edit]

Kanji[edit]

鯨

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

鯨(ぐんじゃ) (gunja) 

  1. whale

Miyako[edit]

Kanji[edit]

鯨

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

鯨(ふづぁ) (fuza) 

  1. whale

Okinawan[edit]

Kanji[edit]

鯨

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

鯨(ぐじら) (gujira) 

  1. whale

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

鯨: Hán Nôm readings: kình, kềnh

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=鯨&oldid=76741184"