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億

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 亿
億 U+5104, 億
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5104
← 儃
[U+5103] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 儅 →
[U+5105]

Translingual

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Han character

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億 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+13, 15 strokes, cangjie input 人卜廿心 (OYTP), four-corner 20236, composition ⿰亻意)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 118, character 27
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1178
  • Dae Jaweon: page 252, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 227, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+5104

Chinese

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trad. 億
simp. 亿*
Chinese Wikipedia has an article on:
億 / 亿
Wikipedia zh

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 億
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
b12362
b15389
s05812
s07653
Transcribed ancient scripts
L28411
L28412
L28413
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (意) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
噫 *qrɯːɡs, *qɯ
譩 *qɯ, *qɯʔ, *qɯl
醷 *qɯʔ, *qɯɡ
意 *qɯɡs
鷾 *qɯɡs
憶 *qɯɡ
億 *qɯɡ
臆 *qɯɡ
繶 *qɯɡ
澺 *qɯɡ
薏 *qɯɡ
檍 *qɯɡ
癔 *qɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qɯɡ): semantic 人 + phonetic 意 (OC *qɯɡs).

Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

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Note: ih6 - rarely used.
Rime
Character 億
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 職 (134)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 於力切
Baxter 'ik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʔɨk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʔɨk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʔiek̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʔik̚/
Li
Rong 		/ʔiək̚/
Wang
Li 		/ĭək̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ʔi̯ək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		jik1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 億
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yì
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ʔik ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ʔ(r)ək/
English 100000

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 億
Reading # 1/1
No. 15157
Phonetic
component 		意
Rime
group 		職
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		憶
Old
Chinese 		/*qɯɡ/

Definitions

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億

  1. hundred million (100,000,000) (sometimes written as 1,0000,0000)
  2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) hundred thousand (100,000)
  3. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) peaceful; stable
  4. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) brimming; plentiful; abundant
  5. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 臆 (yì, “chest”)
  6. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 臆 (yì, “to guess; to estimate; to surmise”)
  7. a surname

See also

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Chinese numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 102 103 104 106 108 1012
Normal
(小寫 / 小写) 		〇, 零, 空 一, 蜀 二, 兩 / 两 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 百 千 萬 / 万,
十千 (Malaysia, Singapore) 		百萬 / 百万,
桶(Philippines),
面桶 (Philippines) 		億 / 亿 兆 (Taiwan)
萬億 / 万亿 (Mainland China)
Financial
(大寫 / 大写) 		零 壹 貳 / 贰 參 / 叁 肆 伍 陸 / 陆 柒 捌 玖 拾 佰 仟

In Min Nan numbers, the vernacular (白) pronunciation is the more common pronunciation, while the literary (文) reading is used for reading numbers out loud, such as in phone numbers. Please note that this usage is similar to the usage of the variant 幺 for the numeral 一 in Mandarin.

Compounds

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Japanese

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Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

Kanji

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億

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. conjecture[1]
  2. hundred million

Readings

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  • Go-on: おく (oku, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: よく (yoku)
  • Kun: おしはかる (oshihakaru, 億る)、お (o)
  • Nanori: かた (kata)

Compounds

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Etymology

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Kanji in this term
億
おく
Grade: 4
goon

From Middle Chinese 億 (MC 'ik).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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億(おく) • (oku) 

  1. a hundred million, 108

Derived terms

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See also

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v • d • e
Japanese numbers
NumberKanjiKanaRomaji
0零れい、ゼロrei, zero
1一、壱、弌、壹いちichi
2二、弐、貳、貮にni
3三、参、參さんsan
4四、肆よん、しyon, shi
5五、伍ごgo
6六、陸ろくroku
7七、漆なな、しちnana, shichi
8八、捌はちhachi
9九、玖きゅう、くkyū, ku
10十、拾じゅうjū
100百、陌、佰ひゃくhyaku
1,000千、阡、仟せんsen
10,000一万、万、一萬、萬いちまん、まんichiman, man
100,000,000一億、億いちおく、おくichioku, oku

References

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  1. ^ “億”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025
  2. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
  3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 億 (MC 'ik).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

億 (eumhun 억 억 (eok eok))

  1. hanja form? of 억 (“a hundred million, 108”)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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億: Hán Việt readings: ức
億: Nôm readings: tỉ, ức

Noun

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億

  1. chữ Hán form of ức (“a hundred thousand”)
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