京師

See also: 京师

Chinese

		capital	capital
trad. (京師)		京	師
simp. (京师)		京	师

Etymology

According to Gongyang Zhuan, Duke Huan's 9th year:

京師者何？天子之居也。京者何？大也。師者何？眾也。天子之居，必以眾大之辭言之。 [MSC, trad.]

京师者何？天子之居也。京者何？大也。师者何？众也。天子之居，必以众大之辞言之。 [MSC, simp.]

Jīngshī zhě hé? Tiānzǐ zhī jū yě. Jīng zhě hé? Dà yě. Shī zhě hé? Zhòng yě. Tiānzǐ zhī jū, bì yǐ zhòngdà zhī cí yán zhī. [Pinyin]

What is jīngshī ("京師")? It's where the Son of Heaven dwells. What is jīng("京")? It means greatness ("大"). What is shī ("師")? It means the multitude ("眾"). Where the Son of Heaven dwells surely should be called by the diction for the multitude's greatness ("眾大").

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jīngshī

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥㄕ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ging¹ si¹
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): keng-su

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jīngshī
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥㄕ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jingshih
  - Wade–Giles: ching¹-shih¹
  - Yale: jīng-shr̄
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jingshy
  - Palladius: цзинши (czinši)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ging¹ si¹
  - Yale: gīng sī
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ging¹ si¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: ging¹ xi¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɪŋ⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: keng-su
  - Tâi-lô: king-su
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kengsw
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ su⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: kjaeng srij

Rime
Character	京	師
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	生 (21)
Final (韻)	庚 (111)	脂 (17)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	舉卿切	疏夷切
Baxter	kjaeng	srij
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠiæŋ/	/ʃˠiɪ/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚiaŋ/	/ʃᵚi/
Shao Rongfen	/kiaŋ/	/ʃiɪ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kiajŋ/	/ʂji/
Li Rong	/kiɐŋ/	/ʃji/
Wang Li	/kĭɐŋ/	/ʃi/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ki̯ɐŋ/	/ʂi/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jīng	shī
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ging¹	si¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]raŋ srij/

(Zhengzhang): /*kraŋ sri/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	京	師	師
Reading #	1/1	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jīng	shī	shī
Middle Chinese	‹ kjæng ›	‹ srij ›	‹ srij ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]raŋ/	/*srij/	/*srij/
English	hill; capital city	army	master
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	京	師
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	6828	11433
Phonetic component	京	師
Rime group	陽	脂
Rime subdivision	0	2
Corresponding MC rime	驚	師
Old Chinese	/*kraŋ/	/*sri/

Noun

京師

(literary) capital city; the capital
- 惠此京師、以綏四國。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  惠此京师、以绥四国。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Huì cǐ jīngshī, yǐ suī sìguó. [Pinyin]
  Let us cherish this capital, to secure the repose of the States in the four quarters.

Synonyms

edit

上國 / 上国 (shàngguó) (literary)
京城 (jīngchéng) (literary)
京華 / 京华 (jīnghuá) (literary)
京邑 (jīngyì) (literary)
京都 (jīngdū) (literary)
國家 / 国家 (guójiā) (Classical Chinese)
國都 / 国都 (guódū)
帝都 (dìdū) (imperial capital)
王京 (wángjīng) (literary, royal capital)
王都 (wángdū) (formal, royal capital)
皇州 (huángzhōu) (literary, imperial capital)
神州 (shénzhōu) (literary)
都城 (dūchéng)
都邑 (dūyì) (literary)
都門 / 都门 (dūmén) (literary)
鎬京 / 镐京 (hàojīng) (literary)
長安 / 长安 (cháng'ān) (literary, figurative)
首都 (shǒudū)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (京師):

→ Vietnamese: kinh sư (京師)