源

See also: 厵

源 U+6E90, 源 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E90 ← 溏 [U+6E8F] CJK Unified Ideographs 溑 → [U+6E91]

Translingual

Han character

源 (radical 85 水+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 水一竹火 (EMHF), four-corner 3119₆, composition ⿰氵原)

References

• KangXi: page 639, character 16
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17926
• Dae Jaweon: page 1046, character 9
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 3, page 1697, character 2
• Unihan data for U+6E90

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		源

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (原) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
羱	ŋʷaːn, *ŋʷan
豲	ɦŋʷaːn
謜	sŋ̥ʰʷan, *ŋʷan
縓	sŋ̥ʰʷan, *sŋ̥ʰʷans
原	ŋʷan
源	ŋʷan
厵	ŋʷan
嫄	ŋʷan
騵	ŋʷan
榞	ŋʷan
獂	ŋʷan
蒝	ŋʷan
願	ŋʷans
傆	ŋʷans
愿	ŋʷans

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yuán (yuan²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄩㄢˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jyun⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ngièn / ngiàn
• Min Dong (BUC): nguòng
• Min Nan (POJ): goân
• Wu (Wiktionary): nyoe (T3)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: yuán
    • Zhuyin: ㄩㄢˊ
    • Wade-Giles: yüan²
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuan
    • IPA ^(key): /y̯ɛn³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: jyun⁴
    • Yale: yùhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jyn⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: yun⁴
    • IPA ^(key): /jyːn²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngièn
    • Hakka Romanization System: ngienˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ngian²
    • IPA: /ɲi̯en¹¹/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiàn
    • Hakka Romanization System: ngianˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ngian²
    • IPA: /ɲi̯an¹¹/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: nguòng
    • IPA ^(key): /ŋuoŋ⁵³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: goân
    • Tâi-lô: guân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: goaan
    • IPA (Xiamen): /guan²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /guan²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /guan¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /guan²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /guan²³/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: nyoe (T3)
    • IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲø²³/

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• Middle Chinese: /ŋʉɐn/▼

Rime
Character	源
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	元 (66)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	愚袁切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋʉɐn/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋʷiɐn/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiuɐn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋuan/
Li Rong	/ŋiuɐn/
Wang Li	/ŋĭwɐn/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋi̯wɐn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yuán

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter-Sagart): /*N-ɢʷar/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷan/

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	源
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yuán
Middle Chinese	‹ ngjwon ›
Old Chinese	/*N-ɢʷar/
English	spring, source
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	源
Reading #	1/1
No.	16187
Phonetic component	原
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	元
Old Chinese	/*ŋʷan/
Notes	原之轉註字

Definitions

源

1. source, origin, root
2. spring
3. A surname​.

Compounds

• 上源
• 世外桃源 (shìwàitáoyuán)
• 來源／来源 (láiyuán)
• 字源 (zìyuán)
• 本源 (běnyuán)
• 根源 (gēnyuán)
• 水源 (shuǐyuán)

• 源出
• 源於／源于 (yuányú)
• 源泉 (yuánquán)
• 源源不斷／源源不断 (yuányuánbùduàn)
• 源自 (yuánzì)
• 源頭／源头 (yuántóu)

• 能源 (néngyuán)
• 詞源／词源 (cíyuán)
• 語源／语源 (yǔyuán)
• 財源／财源 (cáiyuán)
• 資源／资源 (zīyuán)
• 起源 (qǐyuán)

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Japanese

Kanji

源

(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

• Goon: ごん (gon)
• Kan’on: げん (gen, Jōyō)
• Kan’yōon: がん (gan)
• Kun: みなもと (minamoto, 源, Jōyō)

Compounds

Terms derived from 源

• 同 (どう)源 (げん) (dōgen)
• 根 (こん)源 (げん) (kongen)

• 源 (げん)委 (い) (gen'i)

• 源 (げん)泉 (せん) (gensen)

• 源 (げん)流 (りゅう) (genryū)

• 語 (ご)源 (げん) (gogen)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
源
みなもと Grade: 6
kun’yomi

From 水 (み) (mi, “water”) + な (na, possessive particle) + 元 (もと) (moto, “origin, source”)

Pronunciation

• Kun’yomi
  • IPA^(key): [mina̠mo̞to̞]

Noun

源 (hiragana みなもと, rōmaji minamoto)

1. source, origin

Proper noun

源 (hiragana みなもと, rōmaji Minamoto)

1. A surname​.

See also

• 源 (みなもと)氏 (し) (Minamoto-shi), 源 (げん)氏 (じ) (Genji)

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 源 (nguan, reconstructed by some linguists as /ŋʉɐn/)

Pronunciation

• On’yomi: Kan’on
  • IPA^(key): [ɡẽ̞ɴ]

Suffix

源 (hiragana げん, rōmaji -gen)

1. source

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Korean

Hanja

源 • (won) (hangeul 원, revised won, McCune-Reischauer wŏn, Yale wen)

1. a spring
2. source

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Vietnamese

Han character

• Hán Việt: nguồn, nguyên, ngùn, nguyễn

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation