源

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See also: 厵
源 U+6E90, 源
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E90
← 溏
[U+6E8F] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 溑 →
[U+6E91]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

Stroke order
13 strokes

源 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 水一竹火 (EMHF), four-corner 31196, composition ⿰氵原)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 639, character 16
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17926
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1046, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1697, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+6E90

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 源
2nd round simp. 沅
alternative forms 原
厵
厡

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (原) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
羱 *ŋʷaːn, *ŋʷan
豲 *ɦŋʷaːn
謜 *sŋ̊ʰʷan, *ŋʷan
縓 *sŋ̊ʰʷan, *sŋ̊ʰʷans
原 *ŋʷan
源 *ŋʷan
厵 *ŋʷan
嫄 *ŋʷan
騵 *ŋʷan
榞 *ŋʷan
獂 *ŋʷan
蒝 *ŋʷan
願 *ŋʷans
傆 *ŋʷans
愿 *ŋʷans

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋʷan) and ideogrammic compound (會意): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 原 (OC *ŋʷan, “origin”).

Etymology[edit]

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Related to 元 (OC *ŋon, “head; principal; first; great”)?”

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • nguang5 - Shantou;
  • nguêng5 - Chaozhou.
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 源
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
    Final (韻) 元 (66)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 愚袁切
    Baxter ngjwon
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ŋʉɐn/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ŋʷiɐn/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ŋiuɐn/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ŋuan/
    Li
    Rong         		/ŋiuɐn/
    Wang
    Li         		/ŋĭwɐn/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ŋi̯wɐn/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		yuán
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		jyun4
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 源
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		yuán
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ ngjwon ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*N-ɢʷar/
    English spring, source

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 源
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 16187
    Phonetic
    component         		原
    Rime
    group         		元
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		元
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ŋʷan/
    Notes 原之轉註字

    Definitions[edit]

    源

    1. source of a river; headwaters; headspring; fountainhead
    2. source; origin; root
    3. a surname

    Synonyms[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (源):
    • → Japanese: 源(げん) (gen)
    • → Korean: 원(源) (won)
    • → Vietnamese: nguyên (源)

    Compounds[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    源

    (grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    源
    みなもと
    Grade: 6
    kun’yomi

    Derived from 水 (mi, “water”, combining form) +‎ な (na, Old Japanese possessive particle) +‎ 元, 本 (moto, “origin, source”).[1][2]

    Vovin believes that the na in the initial mina- element is not a genitive particle, but rather actually meant "water", contending that the mi was instead the honorific prefix 御 (mi-).[3]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    源(みなもと) • (minamoto) 

    1. a fountainhead (source of a river)
      Synonym: 水源 (suigen)
    2. a source, origin
      Synonyms: 起源 (kigen), 根源 (kongen), 本源 (hongen)

    Proper noun[edit]

    源(みなもと) • (Minamoto) 

    1. a surname, especially those who are descendants of Emperor Saga

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    源
    げん
    Grade: 6
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 源 (MC ngjwon).

    Noun[edit]

    源(げん) • (gen) 

    1. a source, origin

    Affix[edit]

    源(げん) • (gen) 

    1. fountainhead
    2. source, origin
    3. Short for 源氏 (Genji): Minamoto clan
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ^ Vovin, Alexander (2012,) Man'yoshu, Book 14: A New English Translation Containing the Original Text, Kana Transliteration, Romanization, Glossing and Commentary, Brill, page 57

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    源 • (won) (hangeul 원, revised won, McCune–Reischauer wŏn, Yale wen)

    1. a spring
    2. source

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    源: Hán Nôm readings: nguồn, nguyên, ngùn, nguyễn

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    References[edit]

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