開花

See also: 开花

Chinese

		open; operate (vehicle); start	flower; blossom; to spend flower; blossom; to spend; fancy pattern
trad. (開花)		開	花
simp. (开花)		开	花

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kāihuā

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄞ ㄏㄨㄚ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi¹ faa¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): khôi-fâ

  (Hailu, HRS): koi^ˋ fa^ˋ

• Eastern Min (BUC): kŭi-huă
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): khui-hoe / khui-hoa

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kui¹ huê¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kāihuā
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄞ ㄏㄨㄚ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kaihua
    • Wade–Giles: kʻai¹-hua¹
    • Yale: kāi-hwā
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kaihua
    • Palladius: кайхуа (kajxua)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kāihuār
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄞ ㄏㄨㄚㄦ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kaihuar
    • Wade–Giles: kʻai¹-hua¹-ʼrh
    • Yale: kāi-hwār
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kaihual
    • Palladius: кайхуар (kajxuar)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: hoi¹ faa¹
    • Yale: hōi fā
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hoi¹ faa¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: hoi¹ fa¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːi̯⁵⁵ faː⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khôi-fâ
    • Hakka Romanization System: koi^ˊ fa^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: koi¹ fa¹
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fa²⁴/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: koi^ˋ fa^ˋ
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰoi⁵³ fa⁵³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kŭi-huă
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰui⁵⁵ ^(h-)ua⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khui-hoe
    • Tâi-lô: khui-hue
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qui'hoef
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /kʰui³³ hue³³/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khui-hoa
    • Tâi-lô: khui-hua
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qui'hoaf
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² hua⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: kui¹ huê¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khui hue
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰui³³⁻²³ hue³³/

Verb

開⫽花 (verb-object)

1. to blossom; to bloom; to flower

   草莓不開花，也不結果。 [MSC, trad.]
   草莓不开花，也不结果。 [MSC, simp.]

   Cǎoméi bù kāihuā, yě bù jiēguǒ. [Pinyin]

   The strawberry tree won't bloom or bear fruit.

   • (Can we date this quote?), “自由花”, 周禮茂 (lyrics):

     但有一個夢，不會死，記著吧！無論雨怎麼打，自由仍是會開花！ [Literary Cantonese, trad.]
     但有一个梦，不会死，记着吧！无论雨怎么打，自由仍是会开花！ [Literary Cantonese, simp.]

     daan⁶ jau⁵ jat¹ go³ mung⁶, bat¹ wui⁵ sei², gei³ zoek⁶ baa⁶! mou⁴ leon⁶ jyu⁵ zam² mo¹ daa², zi⁶ jau⁴ jing⁴ si⁶ wui⁵ hoi¹ faa¹! [Jyutping]

     But there is a dream [which] does not die, remember it! No matter how [heavy] the rain is, freedom will still blossom!

2. (figurative) to burst; to split open; to break open; to explode

   屁股開花／屁股开花  ―  pìgu kāihuā  ―  (figurative) aching tremendously in buttocks (as if they are cracking)

3. (figurative) to burst with joy; to smile happily
4. (Mainland China, figurative) to spread over; to spring up; to rise (of an undertaking, experience, etc.)
5. (colloquial) to be wounded and bleed profusely (of one's head)

Synonyms

• (to blossom): (literary) 掛花／挂花 (guàhuā), 著花／着花 (zhuóhuā); (Hakka, Xiang) 打花

Derived terms

• 牆裡開花牆外香 / 墙里开花墙外香 (qiáng lǐ kāihuā qiáng wài xiāng)
• 遍地開花 / 遍地开花 (biàndìkāihuā)
• 開花植物 / 开花植物 (kāihuā zhíwù)
• 開花結果 / 开花结果

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (開花):

• → Japanese: 開花(かいか) (kaika)
• → Korean: 개화(開花) (gaehwa)
• → Vietnamese: khai hoa (開花)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
開	花
かい Grade: 3	か Grade: 1
on'yomi

Etymology

From Middle Chinese compound 開花 / 开花 (khoj xwæ, literally “to open + flower”). Compare modern Mandarin reading kāihuā.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ka̠ika̠]
• (Tokyo) かいか [káꜜìkà] (Atamadaka – [1])

Noun

開(かい)花(か) • (kaika) ^{←かいくわ (kaikwa)?}

1. flowering, blossoming

   今年(ことし)は開花(かいか)が早(はや)い。

   Kotoshi wa kaika ga hayai.

   This year's bloom was early.

2. (by extension) showing results, bearing fruit, being successful

Verb

開(かい)花(か)する • (kaika suru) intransitive suru (stem 開(かい)花(か)し (kaika shi), past 開(かい)花(か)した (kaika shita))

1. to flower, to blossom, to bloom
2. (by extension) to show results, to bear fruit, to be a success

Conjugation

Conjugation of "開花する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	開花し	かいかし	kaika shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	開花し	かいかし	kaika shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	開花する	かいかする	kaika suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	開花する	かいかする	kaika suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	開花すれ	かいかすれ	kaika sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	開花せよ¹ 開花しろ²	かいかせよ¹ かいかしろ²	kaika seyo¹ kaika shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	開花される	かいかされる	kaika sareru
Causative	開花させる 開花さす	かいかさせる かいかさす	kaika saseru kaika sasu
Potential	開花できる	かいかできる	kaika dekiru
Volitional	開花しよう	かいかしよう	kaika shiyō
Negative	開花しない	かいかしない	kaika shinai
Negative continuative	開花せず	かいかせず	kaika sezu
Formal	開花します	かいかします	kaika shimasu
Perfective	開花した	かいかした	kaika shita
Conjunctive	開花して	かいかして	kaika shite
Hypothetical conditional	開花すれば	かいかすれば	kaika sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

Synonyms

• (bloom): 咲(さ)く (saku)

References

• “開花”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
• Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
• Ineko Kondō, Fumi Takano, Mary E. Althaus, et al. (2002), Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, third edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
開	花

Noun

開花 • (gaehwa) (hangeul 개화)

1. hanja form^? of 개화 (“blooming”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
開	花

Verb

開花

1. chữ Hán form of khai hoa (“to bloom”)