自由
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Contents
Chinese[edit]
|
from; self; oneself; since
|
follow; from; it is for...to; reason; cause; because of; due to; by; to; to leave it (to sb)
|
||
|---|---|---|---|
| simp. and trad. (自由) |
自 | 由 | |
Pronunciation[edit]
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): zi6 jau4
- Hakka (Pha̍k-fa-sṳ): chhṳ-yù
- Min Dong (BUC): cê̤ṳ-iù
- Min Nan (POJ): chū-iû
- Wu (WT Romanisation): zr hhieu (T3)
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: zi6 jau4
- Yale: jih yàuh
- Cantonese Pinyin: dzi6 jau4
- IPA (key): /t͡siː²² jɐu̯²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- Romanisations:
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳ-yù
- IPA (Siyen, including Miaoli): /t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵ ju¹¹/
- Romanisations:
- Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: cê̤ṳ-iù
- IPA (key): /t͡sy²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ iu⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Min Nan
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- WT Romanisation: zr hhieu (T3)
- IPA (key): /z̻z̩²² ɦiɜ⁴⁴/
- (Shanghainese)
| Middle Chinese pronunciation (自由, reconstructed) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Character (自), Pronunciation 1/1 | ||||||
|
Initial: 從 (15) |
Openness: Open |
Fanqie: 疾二切 | ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
Bernard Karlgren |
Li Rong |
Pan Wuyun |
Edwin Pulleyblank |
Wang Li |
Shao Rongfen |
| /d͡ziɪH/ | /d͡zʱiH/ | /d͡ziH/ | /d͡ziH/ | /d͡ziH/ | /d͡ziH/ | /d͡zjɪH/ |
| Character (由), Pronunciation 1/1 | ||||||
|
Initial: 以 (36) |
Openness: Open |
Fanqie: 以周切 | ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
Bernard Karlgren |
Li Rong |
Pan Wuyun |
Edwin Pulleyblank |
Wang Li |
Shao Rongfen |
| /jɨu/ | /i̯ə̯u/ | /iu/ | /jiu/ | /juw/ | /jĭəu/ | /iəu/ |
Noun[edit]
自由
Antonyms[edit]
- (liberty, in philosophy): 必然 (bìrán)
Adjective[edit]
自由
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
Sino-Xenic (自由):
Japanese[edit]
| Kanji in this term | |
| 自 | 由 |
| じ Grade: 2 |
ゆう Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi | |
Etymology[edit]
Apparently first imported from Middle Chinese compound 自由 (*d͡ʑi *iou) with an original meaning of roughly arising from oneself. Repurposed in the 1860s by Fukuzawa Yukichi as a translation of the English freedom or liberty, as an extension of the original meaning: freedom to act according to one's own thoughts, without restriction.[1][2]
Pronunciation[edit]
Adjective[edit]
自由 (-na inflection, hiragana じゆう, romaji jiyū, historical hiragana じいう)
Inflection[edit]
Inflection of "自由な"
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 自由だろ | じゆうだろ | jiyū daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 自由で | じゆうで | jiyū de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 自由だ | じゆうだ | jiyū da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 自由な | じゆうな | jiyū na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 自由なら | じゆうなら | jiyū nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 自由であれ | じゆうであれ | jiyū de are |
| Key constructions | |||
| Informal negative | 自由ではない 自由じゃない |
じゆうではない じゆうじゃない |
jiyū de wa nai jiyū ja nai |
| Informal past | 自由だった | じゆうだった | jiyū datta |
| Informal negative past | 自由ではなかった 自由じゃなかった |
じゆうではなかった じゆうじゃなかった |
jiyū de wa nakatta jiyū ja nakatta |
| Formal | 自由です | じゆうです | jiyū desu |
| Formal negative | 自由ではありません 自由じゃありません |
じゆうではありません じゆうじゃありません |
jiyū de wa arimasen jiyū ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 自由でした | じゆうでした | jiyū deshita |
| Formal negative past | 自由ではありませんでした 自由じゃありませんでした |
じゆうではありませんでした じゆうじゃありませんでした |
jiyū de wa arimasen deshita jiyū ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 自由で | じゆうで | jiyū de |
| Conditional | 自由なら（ば） | じゆうなら（ば） | jiyū nara(ba) |
| Provisional | 自由だったら | じゆうだったら | jiyū dattara |
| Volitional | 自由だろう | じゆうだろう | jiyū darō |
| Adverbial | 自由に | じゆうに | jiyū ni |
| Degree | 自由さ | じゆうさ | jiyūsa |
Noun[edit]
自由 (hiragana じゆう, romaji jiyū, historical hiragana じいう)
- freedom, liberty
- 自由のために戦う。
- Jiyū no tame ni tatakau.
- We will fight for freedom.
- 自由のために戦う。
- demand (for goods or services)
- (euphemistic) a toilet, a restroom
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
|
References[edit]
- ^ 1866: 西洋事情 (Seiyō Jijō, “Things Western”), Fukuzawa Yukichi, digital version (in Japanese), http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=3
- ^ 2004: 「明治の日本が作り出した新しい言語」 (Meiji no Nihon ga Tsukuridashita Atarashii Gengo, “The New Language Created by Meiji Japan”), Takeshi Ozeki (in Japanese), http://hermes-ir.lib.hit-u.ac.jp/rs/bitstream/10086/8702/1/hogaku0030301790.pdf, page 11 of the PDF.
- ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
- 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, ISBN 4095102535.
- 1998, 広辞苑 (Kōjien), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, ISBN 4000801112
- 2002, Yasuo Kitahara, 明鏡国語辞典 (Meikyō Kokugo Jiten), First Edition (in Japanese), Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten, ISBN 4469021067
Korean[edit]
| Hanja in this word | |
| 自 | 由 |
Noun[edit]
自由 (jayu) (hangeul 자유)
Vietnamese[edit]
| Hán tự in this word | |
| 自 | 由 |
Noun[edit]
自由
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