自由

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Chinese[edit]

 
from; self; oneself; since
 
follow; from; it is for...to; reason; cause; because of; due to; by; to; to leave it (to sb)
simp. and trad.
(自由) 		自 由

Etymology[edit]

Attestable from at least the Han dynasty; in modern Chinese, widespread use as wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 自 (じ)由 (ゆう) (jiyū, “freedom, liberty”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 自 由
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 從 (15) 以 (36)
Final (韻) 脂 (15) 尤 (136)
Tone (調) Departing (H) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 疾二切 以周切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/d͡ziɪH/ /jɨu/
Pan
Wuyun 		/d͡ziH/ /jiu/
Shao
Rongfen 		/d͡zjɪH/ /iəu/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/d͡ziH/ /juw/
Li
Rong 		/d͡ziH/ /iu/
Wang
Li 		/d͡ziH/ /jĭəu/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/d͡zʱiH/ /i̯ə̯u/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zì yóu

Adjective[edit]

自由

  1. free; unconstrained
    我現在感到心裡很自由。 [MSC, trad.]
    我现在感到心里很自由。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ xiànzài gǎndào xīnli hěn zìyóu. [Pinyin]
    I feel really free now.

Adverb[edit]

自由

  1. freely; unreservedly
    自由發表意見 / 自由发表意见  ―  zìyóu fābiǎo yìjiàn  ―  to express one's views unreservedly

Noun[edit]

自由

  1. freedom; liberty
    婚姻自由  ―  hūnyīn zìyóu  ―  freedom of marriage
    出版自由  ―  chūbǎn zìyóu  ―  freedom of publication
    享有自由  ―  xiǎngyǒu zìyóu  ―  to enjoy freedom
  2. (philosophy) freedom

Antonyms[edit]

  • (philosophy: freedom): 必然 (bìrán)

Derived terms[edit]

Derived terms from 自由

Japanese[edit]

Kanji in this term
自 由
じ
Grade: 2 		ゆう
Grade: 3
on’yomi

Etymology[edit]

/d͡ʑiːu/ → /d͡ʑijuː/

Apparently first imported from Middle Chinese 自由 (MC d͡ziɪH jɨu) with an original meaning of roughly “arising from oneself”. Repurposed in the 1860s by Fukuzawa Yukichi as a translation of English freedom or liberty, as an extension of the original meaning: “freedom to act according to one's own thoughts, without restriction”.[1][2]

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

自由 (-na inflection, hiragana じゆう, rōmaji jiyū, historical hiragana じいう)

  1. free (as in freedom)
  2. flexible

Inflection[edit]

Inflection of 自由
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 自由だろ じゆうだろ jiyū daro
Continuative (連用形) 自由で じゆうで jiyū de
Terminal (終止形) 自由だ じゆうだ jiyū da
Attributive (連体形) 自由な じゆうな jiyū na
Hypothetical (仮定形) 自由なら じゆうなら jiyū nara
Imperative (命令形) 自由であれ じゆうであれ jiyū de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 自由ではない
自由じゃない 		じゆうではない
じゆうじゃない 		jiyū de wa nai
jiyū ja nai
Informal past 自由だった じゆうだった jiyū datta
Informal negative past 自由ではなかった
自由じゃなかった 		じゆうではなかった
じゆうじゃなかった 		jiyū de wa nakatta
jiyū ja nakatta
Formal 自由です じゆうです jiyū desu
Formal negative 自由ではありません
自由じゃありません 		じゆうではありません
じゆうじゃありません 		jiyū de wa arimasen
jiyū ja arimasen
Formal past 自由でした じゆうでした jiyū deshita
Formal negative past 自由ではありませんでした
自由じゃありませんでした 		じゆうではありませんでした
じゆうじゃありませんでした 		jiyū de wa arimasen deshita
jiyū ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 自由で じゆうで jiyū de
Conditional 自由なら（ば） じゆうなら（ば） jiyū nara (ba)
Provisional 自由だったら じゆうだったら jiyū dattara
Volitional 自由だろう じゆうだろう jiyū darō
Adverbial 自由に じゆうに jiyū ni
Degree 自由さ じゆうさ jiyūsa

Noun[edit]

自由 (hiragana じゆう, rōmaji jiyū, historical hiragana じいう)

  1. freedom, liberty
    自 (じ)由 (ゆう)のために戦 (たたか)う。
    Jiyū no tame ni tatakau.
    We will fight for freedom.
    • 2002 July 18, “弾だん圧あつされる民たみ [Oppressed People]”, in ユニオンの降臨 [Advent of the Union] (in Japanese), Konami:
      いつの日 (ひ)か自 (じ)由 (ゆう)を手 (て)にする事 (こと)ができると信 (しん)じて日 (ひ)々 (び)の生 (せい)活 (かつ)に耐 (た)えている。
      Itsu no hi ka jiyū o te ni suru koto ga dekiru to shinjite hibi no seikatsu ni taeteiru.
      They endure every day of their lives, but they believe that they will have their freedom one day.
    • 2013 July 10, Revo (lyrics and music), “紅蓮の弓矢 [Crimson Bow and Arrow]”, in 自由への進撃 [March Towards Freedom]‎[1] (CD, in Japanese), performed by Linked Horizon:
      屍踏み越えて　進む意思を　嗤う豚よ
      家畜の安寧　…虚偽の繁栄　…死せる餓狼の『自由』を！
      Shikabane fumikoete　susumu ishi o　warau buta yo
      Kachiku no annei　…kyogi no han'ei　…shiseru garō no “jiyū” o!
      You pigs who sneer at our will to step over corpses and march onwards
      Enjoy the peace of livestock …false prosperity …the “freedom” of starving wolves!
    • 2016 January 22, “チャンドラの誓ちかい [Oath of Chandra]”, in ゲートウォッチの誓い [Oath of the Gatewatch] (in Japanese), Wizards of the Coast:
      それで人 (ひと)々 (びと)が自 (じ)由 (ゆう)に生 (い)きられるのなら、そうね、ゲートウォッチになるわ。
      Sore de hitobito ga jiyū ni ikirareru no nara, sō ne, Gētowotchi ni naru wa.
      If it means that people can live in freedom, yeah, I’ll be one of the Gatewatch.
  2. (rare) demand (for goods or services)
  3. (euphemistic) a toilet, a restroom

Derived terms[edit]

Derived terms

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ 1866: 西洋事情 (Seiyō Jijō, “Things Western”), Fukuzawa Yukichi, digital version (in Japanese), http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=3
  2. ^ 2004: 「明治の日本が作り出した新しい言語」 (Meiji no Nihon ga Tsukuridashita Atarashii Gengo, “The New Language Created by Meiji Japan”), Takeshi Ozeki (in Japanese), http://hermes-ir.lib.hit-u.ac.jp/rs/bitstream/10086/8702/1/hogaku0030301790.pdf, page 11 of the PDF.
  3. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  5. ^ 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  • 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
  • 1998, 広辞苑 (Kōjien), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  • 2002, Yasuo Kitahara, 明鏡国語辞典 (Meikyō Kokugo Jiten), First Edition (in Japanese), Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Hanja in this term
自由

Noun[edit]

自由 • (jayu) (hangeul 자유)

  1. Hanja form? of 자유 (“freedom; liberty”).

Vietnamese[edit]

Hán tự in this word
自由

Noun[edit]

自由

  1. Hán tự form of tự do, “freedom; liberty”
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