run

See also: rún, rùn, Rún, and rǔn

English

Alternative forms

• rin (dialectal)

Etymology

From Middle English ronnen (“to run”), alteration (due to the past participle yronne) of Middle English rinnen (“to run”), from Old English rinnan, iernan (“to run”) and Old Norse rinna (“to run”), both from Proto-Germanic *rinnaną (“to run”) (compare also *rannijaną (“to make run”)), from Proto-Indo-European *ren- (“to rise; to sink”). Cognate with Scots rin (“to run”), West Frisian rinne (“to walk, march”), Dutch rennen (“to run, race”), German rennen (“to run”), rinnen (“to flow”), Danish rende (“to run”), and Swedish ränna (“to run”), Icelandic renna (“to flow”). Non-Germanic cognates include Albanian rend (“to run, run after”). See random.

Pronunciation

• (US, UK) IPA^(key): /ɹʌn/
• (Northern England) IPA^(key): /ɹʊn/

• Audio (US)

  (file)

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ʌn

Verb

a runner running (sense 1)

Play media

Women running (sense 1) in a 100-meter foot race

run (third-person singular simple present runs, present participle running, simple past ran, past participle run)

1. To move swiftly.
   1. (intransitive) To move forward quickly upon two feet by alternately making a short jump off either foot. (Compare walk.)

      Run, Sarah, run!

      • 1967, Sleigh, Barbara, Jessamy, 1993 edition, Sevenoaks, Kent: Bloomsbury, →ISBN, page 122:

        Through the open front door ran Jessamy, down the steps to where Kitto was sitting at the bottom with the pram beside him.

      • For more examples of usage of this term, see Citations:run.
   2. (intransitive) To go at a fast pace, to move quickly.

      The horse ran the length of the track.  I have been running all over the building looking for him.  Sorry, I've got to run; my house is on fire.

   3. (transitive) To cause to move quickly; to make move lightly.

      Every day I run my dog across the field and back.  I'll just run the vacuum cleaner over the carpet.  Run your fingers through my hair.  Can you run these data through the program for me and tell me whether it gives an error?

   4. (transitive or intransitive) To compete in a race.

      The horse will run the Preakness next year.  I'm not ready to run a marathon.

   5. (intransitive) Of fish, to migrate for spawning.
   6. (intransitive, soccer) To carry a football down the field.
   7. (transitive) To achieve or perform by running or as if by running.

      The horse ran a great race.

   8. (intransitive) To flee away from a danger or towards help.

      Whenever things get tough, she cuts and runs.  When he's broke, he runs to me for money.

   9. (transitive, juggling, colloquial) To juggle a pattern continuously, as opposed to starting and stopping quickly.
2. (fluids) To flow.
   1. (intransitive, figuratively) To move or spread quickly.

      There's a strange story running around the neighborhood.  The flu is running through my daughter's kindergarten.

   2. (intransitive) Of a liquid, to flow.

      The river runs through the forest.  There's blood running down your leg.

   3. (intransitive) Of an object, to have a liquid flowing from it.

      Your nose is running.  Why is the hose still running?  My cup runneth over.

   4. (transitive) To make a liquid flow; to make liquid flow from an object.

      You'll have to run the water a while before it gets hot.  Run the tap until the water gets hot.

   5. (intransitive) To become liquid; to melt.
      • (Can we date this quote?) Joseph Addison

        as wax dissolves, as ice begins to run

      • (Can we date this quote?) John Woodward

        Sussex iron ores run freely in the fire.

   6. (intransitive) To leak or spread in an undesirable fashion; to bleed (especially used of dye or paint).

      He discovered during washing that the red rug ran on his white sheet, staining it pink.

   7. To fuse; to shape; to mould; to cast.

      to run bullets

      • (Can we date this quote?) Henry Felton

        The fairest diamonds are rough till they are polished, and the purest gold must be run and washed, and sifted in the ore.

   8. (figuratively, transitive) To go through without stopping, usually illegally.

      run a red light or stop sign;  run a blockade

3. (nautical, of a vessel) To sail before the wind, in distinction from reaching or sailing close-hauled.
4. (social) To carry out an activity.
   1. (transitive) To control or manage, be in charge of.

      My uncle ran a corner store for forty years.  She runs the fundraising.  My parents think they run my life.  He is running an expensive campaign.

      • 1972 December 29, Richard Schickel, “Masterpieces underrated and overlooked”, in Life, volume 73, number 25, page 22:

        A friend of mine who runs an intellectual magazine was grousing about his movie critic, complaining that though the fellow had liked The Godfather (page 58), he had neglected to label it clearly as a masterpiece.

      • 2013 May 11, “What a waste”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8835, page 12:

        India is run by gerontocrats and epigones: grey hairs and groomed heirs.

      • For more examples of usage of this term, see Citations:run.
   2. (intransitive) To be a candidate in an election.

      I have decided to run for governor of California.  We're trying to find somebody to run against him next year.

   3. (transitive) To make run in a race or an election.

      He ran his best horse in the Derby.  The Green Party is running twenty candidates in this election.

   4. To exert continuous activity; to proceed.

      to run through life;  to run in a circle

   5. (intransitive) To be presented in one of the media.

      The story will run on the 6-o'clock news.  The latest Robin Williams movie is running at the Silver City theatre.  Her picture ran on the front page of the newspaper.

   6. (transitive) To print or broadcast in the media.

      run a story;  run an ad

   7. (transitive) To transport someone or something.

      Could you run me over to the store?  Please run this report upstairs to director's office.

   8. (transitive) To smuggle illegal goods.

      to run guns;  to run rum

      • (Can we date this quote?) Jonathan Swift

        Heavy impositions […] are a strong temptation of running goods.

   9. (transitive, agriculture) To sort through a large volume of produce in quality control.

      Looks like we're gonna have to run the tomatoes again.

5. To extend or persist, statically or dynamically, through space or time.
   1. (intransitive) To extend in space or through a range (often with a measure phrase).

      The border runs for 3000 miles.  The leash runs along a wire.  The grain of the wood runs to the right on this table.  It ran in quality from excellent to substandard.

   2. (intransitive) To extend in time, to last, to continue (usually with a measure phrase).

      The sale will run for ten days.  The contract runs through 2008.  The meeting ran late.  The book runs 655 pages.  The speech runs as follows: …

   3. (transitive) To make something extend in space.

      I need to run this wire along the wall.

   4. (intransitive) Of a machine, including computer programs, to be operating or working normally.

      My car stopped running.  That computer runs twenty-four hours a day.  Buses don't run here on Sunday.

   5. (transitive) To make a machine operate.

      It's full. You can run the dishwasher now.  Don't run the engine so fast.

6. (transitive) To execute or carry out a plan, procedure, or program.

   They ran twenty blood tests on me and they still don't know what's wrong.  Our coach had us running plays for the whole practice.  I will run the sample.  Don't run that software unless you have permission.  My computer is too old to run the new OS.

7. To pass or go quickly in thought or conversation.

   to run from one subject to another

   • (Can we date this quote?) Joseph Addison

     Virgil, in his first Georgic, has run into a set of precepts foreign to his subject.

8. (copulative) To become different in a way mentioned (usually to become worse).

   Our supplies are running low.  They frequently overspent and soon ran into debt.

   • (Can we date this quote?) Joseph Addison

     Have I not cause to rave and beat my breast, to rend my heart with grief and run distracted?

   • 1968, Paul Simon, The Boxer (song)

     I was no more than a boy / In the company of strangers / In the quiet of the railway station / Running scared.

   • For more examples of usage of this term, see Citations:run.
9. (transitive) To cost a large amount of money.

   Buying a new laptop will run you a thousand dollars.  Laptops run about a thousand dollars apiece.

10. (intransitive) Of stitches or stitched clothing, to unravel.

    My stocking is running.

11. To pursue in thought; to carry in contemplation.
    • (Can we date this quote?) Robert South

      to run the world back to its first original

    • (Can we date this quote?) Arthur Collier

      I would gladly understand the formation of a soul, and run it up to its punctum saliens.

12. To cause to enter; to thrust.

    to run a sword into or through the body;  to run a nail into one's foot

    • (Can we date this quote?) Sir Walter Scott

      You run your head into the lion's mouth.

    • (Can we date this quote?) Charles Dickens

      having run his fingers through his hair

    • 1977, Agatha Christie, chapter 4, in An Autobiography, part II, London: Collins, →ISBN:

      There was also hairdressing: hairdressing, too, really was hairdressing in those times — no running a comb through it and that was that. It was curled, frizzed, waved, put in curlers overnight, waved with hot tongs; […].

    • For more examples of usage of this term, see Citations:run.
13. To drive or force; to cause, or permit, to be driven.
    • Bible, Acts xxvii. 41

      They ran the ship aground.

    • (Can we date this quote?) John Ray

      A talkative person runs himself upon great inconveniences by blabbing out his own or other's secrets.

    • (Can we date this quote?) John Locke

      Others, accustomed to retired speculations, run natural philosophy into metaphysical notions.

14. To cause to be drawn; to mark out; to indicate; to determine.

    to run a line

15. To encounter or incur (a danger or risk).

    to run the risk of losing one's life

    • (Can we date this quote?) Francis Bacon

      He runneth two dangers.

16. To put at hazard; to venture; to risk.
    • (Can we date this quote?) Earl of Clarendon

      He would himself be in the Highlands to receive them, and run his fortune with them.

17. To tease with sarcasms and ridicule.
18. To sew (a seam) by passing the needle through material in a continuous line, generally taking a series of stitches on the needle at the same time.
19. To control or have precedence in a card game.

    Every three or four hands he would run the table.

20. To be in form thus, as a combination of words.
    • (Can we date this quote?) Robert Sanderson

      The king's ordinary style runneth, "Our sovereign lord the king."

    • 1922, Ben Travers, chapter 5, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:

      The departure was not unduly prolonged. In the road Mr. Love and the driver favoured the company with a brief chanty running: “Got it?—No, I ain't, 'old on,—Got it? Got it?—No, 'old on sir.”

    • For more examples of usage of this term, see Citations:run.
21. (archaic) To be popularly known; to be generally received.
    • (Can we date this quote?) William Temple

      Men gave them their own names, by which they run a great while in Rome.

    • (Can we date this quote?) Richard Knolles

      Neither was he ignorant what report ran of himself.

22. To have growth or development.

    Boys and girls run up rapidly.

    • (Can we date this quote?) John Mortimer

      if the richness of the ground cause turnips to run to leaves

23. To tend, as to an effect or consequence; to incline.
    • (Can we date this quote?) Francis Bacon

      A man's nature runs either to herbs or weeds.

    • (Can we date this quote?) Jonathan Swift

      Temperate climates run into moderate governments.

24. To have a legal course; to be attached; to continue in force, effect, or operation; to follow; to go in company.

    Certain covenants run with the land.

    • (Can we date this quote?) Sir Josiah Child

      Customs run only upon our goods imported or exported, and that but once for all; whereas interest runs as well upon our ships as goods, and must be yearly paid.

25. (golf) To strike (the ball) in such a way as to cause it to run along the ground, as when approaching a hole.
26. (video games, rare) To speedrun.

Synonyms

The terms below need to be checked and allocated to the definitions (senses) of the headword above. Each term should appear in the sense for which it is appropriate. Use the templates {{syn|en|...}} or {{ant|en|...}} to add them to the appropriate sense(s).

• extend
• go
• lead
• hunt
• hunt down
• hurry
• pass
• track down
• travel
• speed

Hyponyms

The terms below need to be checked and allocated to the definitions (senses) of the headword above. Each term should appear in the sense for which it is appropriate. Use the templates {{syn|en|...}} or {{ant|en|...}} to add them to the appropriate sense(s).

• re-run
• run across
• run after
• run aground
• run along
• run amok
• run amuck
• run around
• run away
• run by
• run down
• run for the hills
• run in
• run into
• run of the mill
• run off
• run on
• run out
• run over
• run through
• run to
• run up
• run up against

Idioms:

• run a bath
• run a fever
• run a risk
• run a temperature
• run aground
• run an errand
• run circles around
• run for the roses
• run high
• run hot and cold
• run hot
• run in the family
• run into the ground
• run low
• run out of steam
• run rampant
• run scared
• run somebody of their feet
• run somebody ragged
• run the gamut
• run the gauntlet
• run the show
• up and running

Derived terms

single words and compounds

• also-ran
• hit-and-run
• lose the run of oneself
• overrun
• re-run

• runaround
• runaway
• run-down
• run-in
• runner

• runner-up
• runny
• run-off
• run-of-the-mill

• runtime
• run-up
• runway
• uprun

Related terms

Terms related to run

• front runner
• gallop
• hit the ground running
• hold with the hare and run with the hounds

• in the running
• make someone's blood run cold
• move

• off and running
• one can run but one can't hide
• out of the running

• run rate
• run time
• walk

Translations

to move quickly on two feet

• Abkhaz: please add this translation if you can
• Albanian: vrapoj (sq)
• American Sign Language: S@SideChesthigh-S@SideChesthigh CirclesMidline-CirclesMidline
• Arabic: رَكَضَ‎‎ (ar) (rakaḍa), جَرَى‎‎ (ar) (jarā)

  Egyptian Arabic: جرى‎‎ (garā)

  Hijazi Arabic: جري‎‎ (jiri)

  Moroccan Arabic: جْرى‎‎ (jra)

• Armenian: վազել (hy) (vazel)
• Aromanian: fug, alag
• Assamese: দৌৰা (doura)
• Asturian: correr
• Avar: please add this translation if you can
• Azerbaijani: yüyürmək
• Bashkir: йүгереү (yügerew)
• Basque: korrika egin (eu), lasterka egin (eu)
• Belarusian: бе́гаць impf (bjéhacʹ), пабе́гаць pf (pabjéhacʹ) (abstract), бе́гчы impf (bjéhčy) (concrete), пабе́гчы pf (pabjéhčy)
• Bengali: দৌড়ান (dôuṛan)
• Breton: redek (br)
• Bulgarian: бя́гам (bg) impf (bjágam) (abstract), ти́чам (bg) impf (tíčam)
• Burmese: ပြေး (my) (pre:)
• Catalan: córrer (ca)
• Chechen: please add this translation if you can
• Chinese:

  Cantonese: 走 (zau²), 跑 (paau²)

  Dungan: по (po)

  Hakka: 走 (chéu)

  Mandarin: 跑 (zh) (pǎo), 奔跑 (zh) (bēnpǎo)

  Min Nan: 走 (zh-min-nan) (cháu)

• Chuvash: чуп (čup)
• Crimean Tatar: çapmaq, (northern dialect) cuvurmaq
• Czech: běhat (cs) impf (abstract), běžet (cs) impf (concrete)
• Dalmatian: cuar
• Danish: løbe (da)
• Dutch: rennen (nl), lopen (nl)
• Esperanto: kuri (eo)
• Estonian: jooksma (et)
• Ewe: ƒu du
• Faroese: renna
• Finnish: juosta (fi)
• French: courir (fr)
• Friulian: cori
• Galician: correr (gl)
• Georgian: სირბილი (sirbili)
• German: rennen (de), laufen (de)

  Alemannic German: lauffe

• Greek: τρέχω (el) (trécho)

  Ancient: τρέχω (trékhō)

• Gujarati: દોડવું (doḍvũ)
• Hebrew: רָץ‎‎ (he) (rats)
• Hindi: दौड़ना (hi) (dauṛnā)
• Hungarian: fut (hu)
• Icelandic: hlaupa (is)
• Ido: kurar (io), hastar (io)
• Indonesian: lari (id), berlari (id), menjalankan (id)
• Irish: rith
• Italian: correre (it)
• Japanese: 走る (ja) (はしる, hashiru)
• Kannada: ಓಡು (kn) (ōḍu)
• Kazakh: жүгіру (kk) (jügirw)
• Khmer: រត់ (km) (rŭət)
• Korean: 달리다 (ko) (dallida), 뛰다 (ko) (ttwida)
• Kurdish:

  Kurmanji: bezîn (ku), revîn (ku), bazdan (ku)

  Sorani: ڕاکردن‎‎ (rakirdin)

• Kyrgyz: жүгүрүү (ky) (cügürüü)
• Lao: ແລ່ນ (lǣn)
• Latgalian: skrīt

• Latin: currō (la)
• Latvian: skriet
• Lithuanian: bėgti (lt)
• Luxembourgish: lafen, rennen
• Macedonian: т́рча impf (t́rča), истрча pf (istrča)
• Malay: berlari, lari (ms)
• Malayalam: ഓടുക (ml) (ōṭuka)
• Maltese: ġera
• Maori: oma
• Mongolian: гүйх (mn) (güjh)
• North Frisian: (Föhr-Amrum) luup
• Northern Altai: чӱгӱрер (ćügürer)
• Norwegian: løpe (no), springe (no)
• Novial: kurse
• Occitan: córrer (oc)
• Old Church Slavonic:

  Cyrillic: бѣгати impf (běgati) (abstract), бѣжати impf (běžati) (concrete)

  Glagolitic: ⰱⱑⰳⰰⱅⰹ impf (běgati) (abstract), ⰱⱑⰶⰰⱅⰹ impf (běžati) (concrete)

• Old East Slavic: бѣгати impf (běgati) (abstract), бѣжати impf (běžati) (concrete)
• Ossetian: please add this translation if you can
• Pashto: الاکول‎‎ (alākawə́l)
• Persian: دویدن‎‎ (fa) (davidan)
• Polabian: bezǝt impf (concrete)
• Polish: biegać (pl) impf (abstract), biec (pl) impf (concrete)
• Portuguese: correr (pt)
• Quechua: qurriy
• Romanian: a alerga (ro), a fugi (ro)
• Romansch: currer, cuorer, curer, curir, correr, cuorrer
• Russian: бе́гать (ru) impf (bégatʹ), побе́гать (ru) pf (pobégatʹ) (abstract), бежа́ть (ru) impf (bežátʹ), побежа́ть (ru) pf (pobežátʹ) (concrete)
• Sardinian: cúrrere, curri, cúrriri
• Scots: rin
• Scottish Gaelic: ruith
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: трчати impf

  Roman: trčati (sh) impf

• Sicilian: cùrriri (scn)
• Sinhalese: දුවනවා (duvanavā)
• Slovak: behať impf (abstract), bežať impf (concrete)
• Slovene: teči (sl) impf
• Slovincian: bjìe̯găc impf (abstract)
• Sorbian:

  Lower Sorbian: běgaś impf (abstract), běžaś impf (concrete)

  Upper Sorbian: běhać impf (abstract), běžeć impf (concrete)

• Southern Altai: јӱгӱрӱ (jügürü)
• Spanish: correr (es)
• Swahili: kukimbia
• Swedish: springa (sv)
• Tagalog: tumakbo
• Tajik: давидан (tg) (davidan)
• Tamil: ஓடு (ta) (ōṭu)
• Tatar: йөгерергә (tt) (yögerergä)
• Telugu: పరుగెత్తు (te) (parugettu)
• Thai: วิ่ง (th) (wîng)
• Turkish: koşmak (tr)
• Turkmen: çapmak
• Tuvan: маңнаар (maŋnaar), чүгүрер (čügürär)
• Ukrainian: бі́гати (uk) impf (bíhaty) (abstract), бі́гти (uk) impf (bíhty) (concrete)
• Urdu: دوڑنا‎‎ (dauṛnā)
• Uyghur: يۈگۈرمەك‎‎ (yügürmek)
• Uzbek: yugurmoq (uz)
• Venetian: córar, córer, córare, corer (vec)
• Vietnamese: chạy (vi)
• Walloon: cori (wa)
• Waray-Waray: dalagan
• Welsh: rhedeg (cy)
• Yagnobi: давак
• Yiddish: לויפֿן‎‎ (loyfn)

to move quickly

• Catalan: córrer (ca)
• Finnish: juosta (fi), rientää, rynnätä (fi)
• Portuguese: correr (pt)

• Quechua: rumpiy
• Russian: бе́гать (ru) impf (bégatʹ), побе́гать (ru) pf (pobégatʹ) (abstract), бежа́ть (ru) impf (bežátʹ), побежа́ть (ru) pf (pobežátʹ) (concrete)
• Venetian: corer (vec), córar, córer, córare

to move or spread quickly

• Catalan: córrer (ca)
• Finnish: olla liikkeellä, juosta (fi)

• Portuguese: correr (pt)

to cause to move quickly

• Catalan: fer córrer
• Czech: prohánět, prohnat

• Finnish: juoksuttaa (fi), ajaa (fi)
• Russian: гнать (ru) (gnatʹ), гоня́ть (ru) impf (gonjátʹ) (abstract); погоня́ть (ru) impf (pogonjátʹ) (esp. cattle); вести́ (ru) impf (vestí); води́ть (ru) impf (vodítʹ) (abstract); проводи́ть (ru) impf (provodítʹ), провести́ (ru) pf (provestí);

to be in charge of

• Czech: řídit (cs)
• Finnish: vetää (fi), vastata (fi), hallita (fi), johtaa (fi)
• Hebrew: נִהֵל‎‎ (Niheil)
• Icelandic: reka, leiða, stýra (is)
• Italian: condurre (it)
• Korean: 맡다 (ko) (matda)

• Persian: اداره کردن‎‎ (fa) (edâre kardan)
• Portuguese: dirigir (pt)
• Romanian: conduce (ro)
• Russian: управля́ть (ru) impf (upravljátʹ), руководи́ть (ru) impf (rukovodítʹ)
• Swedish: driva (sv), leda (sv), styra (sv)

to flow

• Bulgarian: тека́ (bg) (teká)
• Catalan: fluir (ca), escolar-se (ca)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 流 (zh) (liú)

• Czech: téct (cs), téci (cs)
• Danish: løbe (da), (about tears, poetic) trille, rulle
• Finnish: virrata (fi), juosta (fi)
• French: s'écouler (fr), couler (fr)
• German: fließen (de)
• Greek: τρέχω (el) (trécho), ρέω (el) (réo), κυλώ (el) (kyló)
• Italian: fluire (it)
• Korean: 흐르다 (ko) (heureuda)
• Macedonian: тече (teče)

• Malay: mengalir
• Manx: sheel
• Polish: cieknąć
• Portuguese: correr (pt), manar (pt), fluir (pt)
• Russian: течь (ru) impf (tečʹ),
• Scots: rin
• Scottish Gaelic: ruith
• Serbo-Croatian: proticati (sh), strujati
• Sorbian:

  Lower Sorbian: běžaś impf

• Spanish: fluir (es), afluir (es), correr (es)
• Swedish: rinna (sv)
• Vietnamese: chảy (vi)

to have a liquid flowing from

• Finnish: valua (fi)

• Swedish: rinna (sv)

to make a liquid flow

• Catalan: fer fluir
• Finnish: juoksuttaa (fi), valuttaa

• Portuguese: escorrer (pt)

to extend in space or through a range

• Finnish: ulottua (fi), yltää (fi), kulkea (fi)
• German: gehen (de), verlaufen (de)

• Russian: простираться (ru) impf (prostiratʹsja), тяну́ться (ru) impf (tjanútʹsja)

to sail a boat with the wind coming from behind

• Maori: whakaheke

to extend in time, to last, to continue

• Czech: trvat (cs), zabírat
• Finnish: kestää (fi) (to last), olla myöhässä, myöhästyä (fi) (to run late), jatkua (fi) (to continue)

• Russian: продолжа́ться (ru) impf (prodolžátʹsja), тяну́ться (ru) impf (tjanútʹsja), проходи́ть (ru) impf (proxodítʹ)

to make something extend in space

• Finnish: vetää (fi)

• Russian: простира́ть (ru) impf (prostirátʹ); протя́гивать (ru) impf (protjágivatʹ); проводи́ть (ru) impf (provodítʹ), провести́ (ru) pf (provestí); протя́гивать (ru) impf (protjágivatʹ), протяну́ть (ru) pf (protjanútʹ)

of a machine, to be operating normally

• Catalan: funcionar (ca)
• Czech: fungovat (cs)
• Finnish: toimia (fi), käydä (fi), kulkea (fi) (of means of transport), pyöriä (fi)
• French: marcher (fr)
• Macedonian: работи (raboti)

• Norwegian: gå (no)
• Portuguese: rodar (pt), funcionar (pt), operar (pt)
• Russian: рабо́тать (ru) impf (rabótatʹ); функциони́ровать (ru) impf (funkcionírovatʹ) (formal)
• Tuvaluan: tele

to make a machine operate

• Catalan: fer funcionar
• Finnish: käynnistää (fi), käyttää (fi), ajaa (fi), pyörittää (fi)
• Khmer: ដើរ (km) (daə)

• Portuguese: rodar (pt), operar (pt)
• Russian: рабо́тать (ru) impf (rabótatʹ); управля́ть (ru) impf (upravljátʹ)
• Tuvaluan: fakatele

to execute or carry out a plan, procedure or program

• Catalan: executar (ca), arrancar (ca)
• Finnish: panna toimeen, tehdä (fi), ajaa (fi), suorittaa (fi), pyörittää (fi)
• Italian: lanciare (it)

• Korean: 실행하다 (ko) (silhaenghada)
• Russian: выполня́ть (ru) impf (vypolnjátʹ), вы́полнить (ru) pf (výpolnitʹ)
• Spanish: ejecutar (es), arrancar (es)

to compete in a race

• Finnish: juosta (fi)
• Portuguese: correr (pt)

• Romanian: concura (ro) (literally)

to be a candidate in an election

• Czech: kandidovat
• Danish: stille op
• Dutch: kandideren (nl)
• Finnish: pyrkiä (fi)
• German: kandidieren (de)
• Korean: 출마하다 (chulmahada)

• Macedonian: се кандиди́ра (se kandidíra)
• Navajo: yishwoł
• Portuguese: concorrer (pt)
• Russian: баллоти́роваться (ru) impf (ballotírovatʹsja)
• Swedish: kandidera (sv)

to make run in a race or an election

• Finnish: kilpailuttaa (fi) (in a race), asettaa (fi)

• Portuguese: candidatar (pt) (election)

to be presented in one of the media

• Finnish: tulla (fi) (of TV and radio), olla (fi) (of print)
• Korean: 나오다 (ko) (naoda)

• Portuguese: passar (pt)

to print or broadcast in the media

• Finnish: julkaista (fi) (to publish)

• Portuguese: exibir (pt)

to leak, spread or bleed in an undesirable fashion

• Finnish: värjätä (fi), päästää väriä
• Korean: 새다 (ko) (saeda), 흘러나오다 (ko) (heulleonaoda)

• Russian: линя́ть (ru) impf (linjátʹ), полиня́ть (ru) pf (polinjátʹ); располза́ться (ru) impf (raspolzátʹsja), расползти́сь (ru) pf (raspolztísʹ)

to become different, usually worse

• Finnish: käydä (fi), muuttua (fi)

• Portuguese: ficar (pt)

to go through without stopping

• Finnish: ajaa läpi, ajaa ohi
• Korean: 나아가다 (ko) (naagada)

• Portuguese: atravessar (pt)

to transport someone or something

• Finnish: ajaa (fi), viedä (fi)

• Russian: вози́ть (ru) impf (vozítʹ), везти́ (ru) impf (veztí) (abstract)

to smuggle illegal goods — see smuggle

to cost a large amount of money

• Finnish: maksaa (fi), saada pulittaa, joutua pulittamaan

• Italian: venire (it)

of fish, to migrate for spawning

• Finnish: vaeltaa (fi)

soccer: to carry a football down the field

• Finnish: kuljettaa (fi)

of stitches, to unravel

• Czech: párat se, utíkat

• Finnish: juosta (fi), purkautua

to flee away from a danger or towards help

• Czech: prchat (cs)
• Finnish: juosta karkuun, paeta (fi)

• Korean: 도망가다 (ko) (domanggada), 도망치다 (ko) (domangchida)
• Russian: бежа́ть (ru) impf (bežátʹ), убега́ть (ru) impf (ubegátʹ), убежа́ть (ru) pf (ubežátʹ)

agriculture: to sort through

• Finnish: lajitella (fi)

• Russian: перебира́ть (ru) impf (perebirátʹ), перебра́ть (ru) pf (perebrátʹ)

to control or have precedence in a card game

• Finnish: putsata pöytä

juggling: to juggle a pattern continuously

• Finnish: pyörittää (fi)

Noun

diagram of stairs, showing the run

Stockings with a run (line of stitches that has come undone) in them

run (plural runs)

1. Act or instance of running, of moving rapidly using the feet.

   I just got back from my morning run.

   • 2012 June 9, Owen Phillips, “Euro 2012: Netherlands 0-1 Denmark”, in BBC Sport‎^[1]:

     Krohn-Dehli took advantage of a lucky bounce of the ball after a battling run on the left flank by Simon Poulsen, dummied two defenders and shot low through goalkeeper Maarten Stekelenburg's legs after 24 minutes.

2. Act or instance of hurrying (to or from a place) (not necessarily by foot); dash or errand, trip.
   • 1759, N. Tindal, The Continuation of Mr Rapin's History of England, volume 21 (continuation volume 9), page 92:

     […] and on the 18th of January this squadron put to sea. The first place of rendezvous was the boy of port St. Julian, upon the coast of Patagonia, and all accidents were provided against with admirable foresight. Their run to port St. Julian was dangerous […]

   I need to make a run to the store.

3. A pleasure trip.

   Let's go for a run in the car.

   • Charles Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit

     And I think of giving her a run in London for a change.

4. Flight, instance or period of fleeing.
   • 2006, Tsirk Susej, The Demonic Bible →ISBN, page 41:

     During his run from the police, he claimed to have a metaphysical experience which can only be described as “having passed through an abyss.”

5. Migration (of fish).
6. A group of fish that migrate, or ascend a river for the purpose of spawning.
7. (skiing, bobsledding) A single trip down a hill, as in skiing and bobsledding.
8. A (regular) trip or route.

   The bus on the Cherry Street run is always crowded.

9. The route taken while running or skiing.

   Which run did you do today?

10. The distance sailed by a ship.

    a good run; a run of fifty miles

    • 1977, Star Wars (film)

      You've never heard of the Millennium Falcon? It's the ship that made the Kessel Run in less than twelve parsecs.

11. A voyage.

    a run to China

12. An enclosure for an animal; a track or path along which something can travel.

    He set up a rabbit run.

13. (Australia, New Zealand) Rural landholding for farming, usually for running sheep, and operated by a runholder.
14. State of being current; currency; popularity.
    • Addison

      It is impossible for detached papers to have a general run, or long continuance, if not diversified with humour.

15. A continuous period (of time) marked by a trend; a period marked by a continuing trend.

    I’m having a run of bad luck.

    He went to Las Vegas and spent all his money over a three-day run.

    • Burke

      They who made their arrangements in the first run of misadventure […] put a seal on their calamities.

    • 2011 June 28, Piers Newbery, “Wimbledon 2011: Sabine Lisicki beats Marion Bartoli”, in BBC Sport‎^[2]:

      German wildcard Sabine Lisicki conquered her nerves to defeat France's Marion Bartoli and take her amazing Wimbledon run into the semi-finals.

    1. A series of tries in a game that were successful.
16. (card games) A sequence of cards in a suit in a card game.
17. (music) A rapid passage in music, especially along a scale.
18. A trial.

    The data got lost, so I'll have to perform another run of the experiment.

19. A flow of liquid; a leak.

    The constant run of water from the faucet annoys me.

    a run of must in wine-making

    the first run of sap in a maple orchard

20. (chiefly eastern Midland US, especially Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia) A small creek or part thereof. (Compare Southern US branch and New York and New England brook.)

    The military campaign near that creek was known as "The battle of Bull Run".

21. A production quantity (such as in a factory).

    Yesterday we did a run of 12,000 units.

    The book’s initial press run will be 5,000 copies.

22. The length of a showing of a play, film, TV series, etc.

    The run of the show lasted two weeks, and we sold out every night.

    It is the last week of our French cinema run.

    • Macaulay

      A canting, mawkish play […] had an immense run.

23. A quick pace, faster than a walk.

    He broke into a run.

    1. (of horses) A fast gallop.
24. A sudden series of demands on a bank or other financial institution, especially characterised by great withdrawals.

    Financial insecurity led to a run on the banks, as customers feared for the security of their savings.

25. Any sudden large demand for something.

    There was a run on Christmas presents.

26. The top of a step on a staircase, also called a tread, as opposed to the rise.
27. The horizontal length of a set of stairs
28. A standard or unexceptional group or category.

    He stood out from the usual run of applicants.

29. (baseball) The act of a runner making it around all the bases and over home plate; the point scored for this.
30. (cricket) The act of passing from one wicket to another; the point scored for this.
31. (American football) A gain of a (specified) distance; a running play.

    […] one of the greatest runs of all time.

    • 2003, Jack Seibold, Spartan Sports Encyclopedia, page 592:

      Aaron Roberts added an insurance touchdown on a one-yard run.

33. A line of knit stitches that have unravelled, particularly in a nylon stocking.

    I have a run in my stocking.

34. (nautical) The stern of the underwater body of a ship from where it begins to curve upward and inward.
35. (construction) Horizontal dimension of a slope.
36. (mining) The horizontal distance to which a drift may be carried, either by licence of the proprietor of a mine or by the nature of the formation; also, the direction which a vein of ore or other substance takes.
37. A pair or set of millstones.
38. (mathematics, computing) The execution of a program or model

    This morning's run of the SHIPS statistical model gave Hurricane Priscilla a 74% chance of gaining at least 30 knots of intensity in 24 hours, reconfirmed by the HMON and GFS dynamical models.

39. (video games) A playthrough.

    This was my first successful run without losing any health.

40. (slang) A period of extended (usually daily) drug use.
    • 1964 : Heroin by The Velvet Underground

      And I'll tell ya, things aren't quite the same / When I'm rushing on my run.

    • 1975, Lloyd Y. Young, Mary Anne Koda-Kimble, Brian S. Katcher, Applied Therapeutics for Clinical Pharmacists

      Frank Fixwell, a 25 year-old male, has been on a heroin "run" (daily use) for the past two years.

    • 1977, Richard P. Rettig, Manual J. Torres, Gerald R. Garrett, Manny: a criminal-addict's story, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH) →ISBN

      I was hooked on dope, and hooked bad, during this whole period, but I was also hooked behind robbery. When you're on a heroin run, you stay loaded so long as you can score.

    • 2001, Robin J. Harman, Handbook of Pharmacy Health Education, Pharmaceutical Press →ISBN, page 172

      This can develop quite quickly (over a matter of hours) during a cocaine run or when cocaine use becomes a daily habit.

    • 2010, Robert DuPont, The Selfish Brain: Learning from Addiction, Hazelden Publishing →ISBN, page 158

      DA depletion leads to the crash that characteristically ends a cocaine run.

41. (golf) The movement communicated to a golf ball by running it.
42. (golf) The distance a ball travels after touching the ground from a stroke.
43. (video games, rare) A speedrun.
44. Unrestricted use. Only used in have the run of.

    He can have the run of the house.

Synonyms

• (horizontal part of a step): tread
• (unravelling): ladder (British)
• (computing): execute, start
• See also Thesaurus:walk

Antonyms

• (horizontal part of a step): rise, riser
• (horizontal distance of a set of stairs): rise

Derived terms

Derived terms

• a run for one's money
• cannonball run
• chicken run
• dry run
• hacking run
• have the run of
• home run

• in the long run
• in the short run
• make a run for it
• mud run
• on the run
• rat run

• runout
• shuttle run
• ski run
• take a run at
• the run of
• the runs

Translations

the act of running

• Afrikaans: hardloop
• American Sign Language: S@SideChesthigh-S@SideChesthigh CirclesMidline-CirclesMidline
• Armenian: վազք (hy) (vazkʿ)
• Breton: redek (br)
• Bulgarian: бя́гане (bg) n (bjágane), ти́чане (bg) (tíčane)
• Catalan: córrer (ca)
• Czech: běh (cs) m
• Danish: løb (da) n
• Dutch: loop (nl) m
• Finnish: juoksu (fi)
• French: courir (fr)
• German: Lauf (de) m
• Hebrew: ריצה‎‎
• Italian: corsa (it)
• Japanese: 走る (ja) (hashiru)
• Korean: 뜀 (ttwim)
• Kurdish: bez‎‎ (ku) (bez)

  Sorani: ڕاکردن‎‎ (rakirdin)

• Latgalian: skriejīņs

• Latvian: skrējiens, skriet
• Lithuanian: bėgimas m
• Macedonian: трчање n (trčanje), трк m (trk)
• Malay: larian
• Maori: omanga
• Persian: دو‎‎ (fa) (dow)
• Polish: bieg (pl) m
• Portuguese: corrida (pt) f
• Romanian: fugă (ro)
• Russian: бег (ru) m (beg), пробе́жка (ru) f (probéžka)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: трчати

  Roman: trčati (sh)

• Sotho: matha (st)
• Spanish: correr (es)
• Turkish: koşu (tr), koşma (tr)
• Vietnamese: chạy (vi)
• Welsh: rhedeg (cy)

the route taken while running

• Bulgarian: път (bg) m (pǎt)
• Catalan: recorregut (ca) m, ruta (ca) f
• Danish: rute c
• Finnish: reitti (fi)
• French: parcours (fr) m

• Italian: percorso (it) m
• Japanese: ルート (ja) (rūto), 経路 (ja) (keiro)
• Romanian: rută (ro)
• Russian: бег (ru) m (beg), путь (ru) f (putʹ), маршру́т (ru) m (maršrút)
• Swedish: runda (sv) c

flow of liquid

• Bulgarian: тече́ние (bg) (tečénie), пото́к (bg) (potók)
• Finnish: virtaus (fi)
• French: flot (fr) m, flux (fr) m
• Italian: scorrere (it) m, flusso (it) m, sgocciolamento m, sgocciolio m
• Japanese: 流れ (ja) (nagare)
• Latgalian: tekme f, straume
• Latvian: tecējums, straume f

• Lithuanian: srovė f, tėkmė f
• Macedonian: тек m (tek)
• Maori: rere
• Portuguese: escorrimento m
• Romanian: flux (ro)
• Russian: пото́к (ru) m (potók), ток (ru) m (tok), тече́ние (ru) n (tečénije)
• Swedish: flöde (sv) n, ström (sv) c, rinnande (sv) n

creek

• Bulgarian: пото́к (bg) (potók), руче́й (bg) m (ručéj)
• Finnish: puro (fi)
• French: cours d'eau (fr) m
• Italian: corso d'acqua m
• Japanese: 小川 (ja) (ogawa)
• Lithuanian: upelis (lt) m

• Macedonian: по́ток m (pótok)
• Norwegian: Løpe
• Portuguese: riacho (pt) m
• Romanian: golf (ro)
• Swedish: bäck (sv) c

amount of something made

• Bulgarian: тира́ж (bg) m (tiráž)
• Finnish: määrä (fi), kopio (fi) (of copies or units)
• Italian: mandata (it) f, uscita (it) f, quantitativo (it) m, tiratura f
• Japanese: 量 (ja) (ryō)

• Macedonian: тира́ж m (tiráž), траење n (traenje)
• Portuguese: tiragem (pt) f
• Romanian: tiraj (ro) (for magazines)
• Russian: тира́ж (ru) (tiráž), па́ртия (ru) (pártija)

faster than a walk

• Bulgarian: бяг (bg) m (bjag)
• Finnish: hölkkä (fi), juoksu (fi)
• French: course (fr) f
• Italian: corsetta f
• Japanese: 早歩き (hayaaruki)

• Macedonian: трк m (trk)
• Maori: oma
• Romanian: pas (ro)
• Russian: бег (ru) m (beg)

gallop

• Bulgarian: бяг (bg) m (bjag)
• Catalan: galopar (ca)
• Finnish: laukka (fi)
• French: galoper (fr)
• Italian: galoppata f, trotterellata f

• Japanese: 襲歩 (shūho) (for horse riding)
• Macedonian: трк m (trk)
• Portuguese: galopar (pt)
• Romanian: trap (ro)
• Spanish: galopar (es)

interval of distance or time

• Bulgarian: про́бег (bg) m (próbeg)
• Finnish: aikaväli (fi) (of time), etäisyys (fi) (of distance)
• French: période (fr) f

• Italian: periodo (it) m, distacco (it) m, giro (it) m
• Japanese: (for distance)道程 (ja) (dōtei), 区間 (ja) (kukan), (for time)時間 (ja) (jikan), 期間 (ja) (kikan)

enclosure for animals

• Finnish: aitaus (fi)
• Italian: recinto (it) m, stabbio (it) m, addiaccio (it) m, stazzo (it) m
• Japanese: ラン (ja) (ran)

• Maori: rāihe
• Polish: wybieg (pl) m
• Romanian: țarc (ro)

nautical equipment

• Romanian: cârmă (ro)

unravelled stitches

• Catalan: carrera (ca) f
• Dutch: ladder (nl) f
• Finnish: silmäpako (fi)
• German: Laufmasche (de) f
• Italian: smagliatura (it) f

• Japanese: 伝線 (ja) (densen)
• Macedonian: процеп m (procep), скинатица f (skinatica)
• Polish: oczko (pl) n
• Russian: стре́лка (ru) f (strélka)
• Spanish: carrera (es) f

a point scored in some games

• Finnish: juoksu (fi)
• Maori: paina

• Spanish: carrera (es) f

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout#Translations.

Translations to be checked

• Ewe: ^{(please verify)} duƒuƒu n, ^{(please verify)} dusisi n (1)
• Italian: ^{(please verify)} corsa (it) f (1), ^{(please verify)} smagliatura (it) f, ^{(please verify)} giro (it) m (14)

• Lithuanian: ^{(please verify)} bėgimas m
• Telugu: ^{(please verify)} పరుగు (te) (parugu)

See also

• (computer science): trajectory

Adjective

run (not comparable)

1. In a liquid state; melted or molten.

   Put some run butter on the vegetables.

   • 1921, L. W. Ferris, H. W. Redfield and W. R. North, The Volatile Acids and the Volatile Oxidizable Substances of Cream and Experimental Butter, in the Journal of Dairy Science, volume 4 (1921), page 522:

     Samples of the regular run butter were sealed in 1 pound tins and sent to Washington, where the butter was scored and examined.

2. Cast in a mould.
   • 1735, Thomas Frankz, A tour through France, Flanders, and Germany: in a letter to Robert Savil, page 18:

     […] the Sides are generally made of Holland's Tiles, or Plates of run Iron, ornamented variously as Fancy dictates, […]

   • 1833, The Cabinet Cyclopaedia: A treatise on the progressive improvement and present state of the Manufactures in Metal, volume 2, Iron and Steel (printed in London), page 314:

     Vast quantities are cast in sand moulds, with that kind of run steel which is so largely used in the production of common table-knives and forks.

   • c. 1839, (Richard of Raindale, The Plan of my House vindicated, quoted by) T. T. B. in the Dwelling of Richard of Raindale, King of the Moors, published in The Mirror, number 966, 7 September 1839, page 153:

     For making tea I have a kettle,

     Besides a pan made of run metal;

     An old arm-chair, in which I sit well —

     The back is round.

3. Exhausted; depleted (especially with "down" or "out").
4. (of a fish) Travelled, migrated; having made a migration or a spawning run.
   • 1889, Henry Cholmondeley-Pennell, Fishing: Salmon and Trout, fifth edition, page 185:

     The temperature of the water is consequently much higher than in either England or Scotland, and many newly run salmon will be found in early spring in the upper waters of Irish rivers where obstructions exist.

   • 1986, Arthur Oglesby, Fly fishing for salmon and sea trout, page 15:

     It may be very much a metallic appearance as opposed to the silver freshness of a recently run salmon.

   • 2005, Rod Sutterby, Malcolm Greenhalgh, Atlantic Salmon: An Illustrated Natural History, page 86:

     Thus, on almost any day of the year, a fresh-run salmon may be caught legally somewhere in the British Isles.

Anagrams

• URN, nur, urn

---

Dutch

Pronunciation

• Audio

  (file)

Verb

run

1. first-person singular present indicative of runnen
2. imperative of runnen

---

Gothic

Romanization

run

1. Romanization of 𐍂𐌿𐌽

---

Mandarin

Romanization

run

1. Nonstandard spelling of rún.
2. Nonstandard spelling of rùn.

Usage notes

• English transcriptions of Mandarin speech often fail to distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without the appropriate indication of tone.

---

Norman

Noun

run m (plural runs)

1. (nautical) beam (of a ship)

---

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *rūnō. Cognate with the Old Saxon rūna, Old High German rūna (German Raun), Old Norse rún, and Gothic 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰 (runa).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ruːn/

Noun

rūn f

1. mystery, secret

   rūne healdan

   to keep a secret

2. advice
3. rune, letter
4. writing

Declension

Declension of run (strong ō-stem)

Case	Singular	Plural
nominative	rūn	rūna, rūne
accusative	rūne	rūna, rūne
genitive	rūne	rūna
dative	rūne	rūnum

Derived terms

• ġerȳne

Descendants

• Middle English: roun
  • Scots: rune, roun, round
  • English: roun, round

See also

• dierne adj

---

Polish

Noun

run

1. Genitive plural of runo.

---

Vietnamese

Etymology

From Proto-Vietic *-ruːn.

Pronunciation

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [zun˧˧]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [ʐun˧˧]
• (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA^(key): [ɹʊwŋ͡m˧˧]

Verb

run (惇, 慵, 敦, 𢹈)

1. to tremble, to shiver (due to cold)

Derived terms

Derived terms

• rét run

• run rẩy

• run sợ

Related terms

• rung (“to shake”)