run

Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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See also: ruń, rún, rùn, Rún, and rǔn

English[edit]

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 Run on Wikipedia

Alternative forms[edit]

  • rin (dialectal)

Etymology[edit]

From Middle English runnen, ronnen (“to run”), alteration (due to the past participle runne, runnen, yronne) of Middle English rinnen (“to run”), from Old English rinnan, iernan (“to run”) and Old Norse rinna (“to run”), both from Proto-Germanic *rinnaną (“to run”) (compare also *rannijaną (“to make run”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to boil, churn”). Cognate with Scots rin (“to run”), West Frisian rinne (“to walk, march”), Dutch rennen (“to run, race”), German rennen (“to run, race”), rinnen (“to flow”), Danish rende (“to run”), Swedish ränna (“to run”), Icelandic renna (“to flow”). Non-Germanic cognates include Albanian rend (“to run, run after”). See random.

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

a runner running (sense 1)
Women running (sense 1) in a 100-meter foot race

run (third-person singular simple present runs, present participle running, simple past ran, past participle run)

  1. To move swiftly.
    1. (intransitive) To move forward quickly upon two feet by alternately making a short jump off either foot. (Compare walk.)
      Run, Sarah, run!
      • 1967, Sleigh, Barbara, Jessamy, 1993 edition, Sevenoaks, Kent: Bloomsbury, →ISBN, page 122:
        Through the open front door ran Jessamy, down the steps to where Kitto was sitting at the bottom with the pram beside him.
      • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:run.
    2. (intransitive) To go at a fast pace, to move quickly.
      The horse ran the length of the track.
      I have been running all over the building looking for him.
      Sorry, I've got to run; my house is on fire.
    3. (transitive) To cause to move quickly or lightly.
      Every day I run my dog across the field and back.
      I'll just run the vacuum cleaner over the carpet.
      Run your fingers through my hair.
      • 1912, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World‎[1]:
        Challenger and I ran Summerlee along, one at each of his elbows, while Lord John covered our retreat, firing again and again as savage heads snarled at us out of the bushes.
    4. (transitive) To transport someone or something, notionally at a brisk pace.
      Could you run me over to the store?
      Please run this report upstairs to director's office.
    5. (transitive or intransitive) To compete in a race.
      The horse will run the Preakness next year.
      I'm not ready to run a marathon.
    6. (intransitive) Of fish, to migrate for spawning.
    7. (American football, transitive or intransitive) To carry (a football) down the field, as opposed to passing or kicking.
      • 2019 December 29, Chad Finn, “24 thoughts on the Patriots’ loss to the Dolphins”, in Boston Globe‎[2]:
        Then, on their second possession, Isaiah Ford ran for 11 yards after abandoning a flea flicker. [...] The Patriots ran the ball just 27 times despite averaging 5 yards per carry.
    8. (transitive) To achieve or perform by running or as if by running.
      The horse ran a great race.
    9. (intransitive) To flee from a danger or towards help.
      Whenever things get tough, she cuts and runs.
      When he's broke, he runs to me for money.
    10. (figuratively, transitive) To go through without stopping, usually illegally.
      run a red light or stop sign; run a blockade
    11. (transitive, juggling, colloquial) To juggle a pattern continuously, as opposed to starting and stopping quickly.
  2. (fluids) To flow.
    1. (intransitive) Of a liquid, to flow.
      The river runs through the forest.
      There's blood running down your leg.
    2. (intransitive, figuratively) To move or spread quickly.
      There's a strange story running around the neighborhood.
      The flu is running through my daughter's kindergarten.
    3. (intransitive) Of an object, to have a liquid flowing from it.
      Your nose is running.
      Why is the hose still running?
      My cup runneth over.
    4. (transitive) To make a liquid flow; to make liquid flow from an object.
      You'll have to run the water a while before it gets hot.
    5. (intransitive) To become liquid; to melt.
      • 1717 [a. 18 A.D.], Ovid, Joseph Addison, transl., Ovid's Metamorphoses in fifteen books. Translated by the most eminent hands. Adorn'd with sculptures‎[3], Book the Third, The Story of Narcissus, page 92:
        As Wax dissolves, as Ice begins to run,
      • 1729, John Woodward, An Attempt Towards a Natural History of the Fossils of England, Tome I, page 223:
        The Sussex ores run pretty freely in the Fire for Iron-Ores; otherwise they would hardly be worth working.
    6. (intransitive) To leak or spread in an undesirable fashion; to bleed (especially used of dye or paint).
      He discovered during washing that the red rug ran on his white sheet, staining it pink.
    7. To fuse; to shape; to mould; to cast.
      to run bullets
      • 1718, Henry Felton, A Dissertation on Reading the Classics, and Forming a Just Style‎[4], page 6:
        But, my Lord, the fairest Diamonds are rough till they are polished, and the purest Gold must be run and washed, and sifted in the Oar.
  3. (nautical, of a vessel) To sail before the wind, in distinction from reaching or sailing close-hauled.
  4. (transitive) To control or manage, be in charge of.
    My uncle ran a corner store for forty years.
    She runs the fundraising.
    My parents think they run my life.
    He is running the candidate's expensive campaign.
    • 1972 December 29, Richard Schickel, “Masterpieces underrated and overlooked”, in Life, volume 73, number 25, page 22:
      A friend of mine who runs an intellectual magazine was grousing about his movie critic, complaining that though the fellow had liked The Godfather (page 58), he had neglected to label it clearly as a masterpiece.
    • 2013 May 11, “What a waste”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8835, page 12:
      India is run by gerontocrats and epigones: grey hairs and groomed heirs.
    • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:run.
  5. (intransitive) To be a candidate in an election.
    I have decided to run for governor of California.
    We're trying to find somebody to run against him next year.
  6. To make participate in certain kinds of competitions
    1. (transitive) To make run in a race.
      He ran his best horse in the Derby.
    2. (transitive) To make run in an election.
      The Green Party is running twenty candidates in this election.
  7. To exert continuous activity; to proceed.
    to run through life; to run in a circle
  8. (intransitive) To be presented in the media.
    The story will run on the 6-o'clock news.
    The latest Robin Williams movie is running at the Silver City theatre.
    Her picture ran on the front page of the newspaper.
  9. (transitive) To print or broadcast in the media.
    run a story; run an ad
  10. (transitive) To smuggle (illegal goods).
    to run guns; to run rum
    • 1728, Jonathan Swift, “An answer to a paper, called A memorial of the poor inhabitants, tradesmen, and labourers of the kingdom of Ireland”, in The Works of Dr. Jonathan Swift, published 1757, page 175:
      [...]whereas in the business of laying heavy impositions two and two never made more than one ; which happens by lessening the import, and the strong temptation of running such goods as paid high duties
  11. (transitive, agriculture) To sort through a large volume of produce in quality control.
    Looks like we're gonna have to run the tomatoes again.
  12. To extend or persist, statically or dynamically, through space or time.
    1. (intransitive) To extend in space or through a range (often with a measure phrase).
      The border runs for 3000 miles.
      The leash runs along a wire.
      The grain of the wood runs to the right on this table.
      It ran in quality from excellent to substandard.
    2. (intransitive) To extend in time, to last, to continue (usually with a measure phrase).
      The sale will run for ten days.
      The contract runs through 2008.
      The meeting ran late.
      The book runs 655 pages.
      The speech runs as follows: …
    3. (transitive) To make something extend in space.
      I need to run this wire along the wall.
    4. (intransitive) Of a machine, including computer programs, to be operating or working normally.
      My car stopped running.
      That computer runs twenty-four hours a day.
      Buses don't run here on Sunday.
    5. (transitive) To make a machine operate.
      It's full. You can run the dishwasher now.
      Don't run the engine so fast.
  13. (transitive) To execute or carry out a plan, procedure, or program.
    They ran twenty blood tests on me and they still don't know what's wrong.
    Our coach had us running plays for the whole practice.
    I will run the sample.
    Don't run that software unless you have permission.
    My computer is too old to run the new OS.
  14. To pass or go quickly in thought or conversation.
    to run from one subject to another
    • 1697, Joseph Addison, “An essay on the Georgics”, in The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Aeneis‎[5], by John Dryden:
      Virgil was so well acquainted with this Secret, that to set off his first Georgic, he has run into a set of Precepts, which are almost foreign to his Subject,
  15. (copulative) To become different in a way mentioned (usually to become worse).
    Our supplies are running low.
    They frequently overspent and soon ran into debt.
    • 1712, Joseph Addison, Cato, a Tragedy, Act IV, scene i:
      Have I not cause to rave, and beat my breast, / To rend my heart with grief and run distracted?
    • 1968, Paul Simon, The Boxer (song)
      I was no more than a boy / In the company of strangers / In the quiet of the railway station / Running scared.
    • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:run.
  16. (transitive) To cost a large amount of money.
    Buying a new laptop will run you a thousand dollars.
    Laptops run about a thousand dollars apiece.
  17. (intransitive) Of stitches or stitched clothing, to unravel.
    My stocking is running.
  18. To pursue in thought; to carry in contemplation.
    • 1692, Robert South, “Discourse I. The creation of man in God’s image”, in Discourses on Various Subjects and Occasions‎[6], published 1827, page 1:
      To run the world back to its first original and infancy, and, as it were, to view nature in its cradle,
    • 1695, Jeremy Collier, “A Thought”, in Miscellanies upon Moral Subjects by Jeremy Collier‎[7], page 88:
      Methinks, if it might be, I would gladly understand the Formation of a Soul, run it up to its Punctum Saliens, and see it beat the first conscious Pulse.
  19. To cause to enter; to thrust.
    to run a sword into or through the body; to run a nail into one's foot
    • 1814, Sir Walter Scott, Waverly:
      “You run your head into the lion's mouth,” answered Mac-Ivor.
    • 1844, Charles Dickens, The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit:
      With that he took off his great-coat, and having run his fingers through his hair, thrust one hand gently in the bosom of his waistcoat
    • 1977, Agatha Christie, chapter 4, in An Autobiography, part II, London: Collins, →ISBN:
      There was also hairdressing: hairdressing, too, really was hairdressing in those times — no running a comb through it and that was that. It was curled, frizzed, waved, put in curlers overnight, waved with hot tongs; […].
    • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:run.
  20. To drive or force; to cause, or permit, to be driven.
    • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], OCLC 964384981, Acts 27:41:
      They ran the ship aground.
    • 1691, John Ray, The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of the Creation:
      [...]besides all this, a talkative person must needs be impertinent, and speak many idle words, and so render himself burdensome and odious to Company, and may perchance run himself upon great Inconveniences, by blabbing out his own or other’s Secrets;
    • 1706, John Locke, Of the Conduct of the Understanding‎[8], Section 24. Partiality:
      [...]and others, accustomed to retired speculations, run natural philosophy into metaphysical notions and the abstract generalities of logic ;
  21. To cause to be drawn; to mark out; to indicate; to determine.
    to run a line
  22. To encounter or incur (a danger or risk).
    to run the risk of losing one's life
  23. To put at hazard; to venture; to risk.
  24. To tease with sarcasms and ridicule.
  25. To sew (a seam) by passing the needle through material in a continuous line, generally taking a series of stitches on the needle at the same time.
  26. To control or have precedence in a card game.
    Every three or four hands he would run the table.
  27. To be in form thus, as a combination of words.
    • 1722 [1647], Robert Sanderson, Thomas Lewis, transl., A Preservative Against Schism and Rebellion, in the Most Trying Times‎[9], volume 1, translation of De juramenti promissorii obligatione, page 355:
      Which Sovereignity, with us, so undoubtedly resideth in the Person of the King, that his ordinary style runneth — Our Sovereign Lord the King
    • 1922, Ben Travers, chapter 5, in A Cuckoo in the Nest‎[10]:
      The departure was not unduly prolonged. In the road Mr. Love and the driver favoured the company with a brief chanty running: “Got it?—No, I ain't, 'old on,—Got it? Got it?—No, 'old on sir.”
    • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:run.
  28. (archaic) To be popularly known; to be generally received.
    • c. 1685, William Temple, Upon the Gardens of Epicurus‎[11], published 1908, page 27:
      [...]great captains, and even consular men, who first brought them over, took pride in giving them their own names (by which they run a great while in Rome)
    • 1603, Richard Knolles, The Generall Historie of the Turkes, […], London: […] Adam Islip, OCLC 837543169:
      Neither was he ignorant what report ran of himselfe.
  29. To have growth or development.
    Boys and girls run up rapidly.
    • 1707, John Mortimer, The whole Art of Husbandry, in the way of Managing and Improving of Land
      or the Richness of the Ground cause them [turnips] to run too much to Leaves
  30. To tend, as to an effect or consequence; to incline.
    • 1625, Francis Bacon, Of Nature In Men
      A man's nature runs either to herbs or weeds.
    • 1708, Jonathan Swift, “The Sentiments of a Church-of-England Man with respect to Religion and Government”, in The Works of Dr. Jonathan Swift, published 1757, page 235:
      It hath been observed, that the temperate climates usually run into moderate governments, and the extremes into despotic power.
  31. To have a legal course; to be attached; to continue in force, effect, or operation; to follow; to go in company.
    Certain covenants run with the land.
    • c. 1665, Josiah Child, Discourse on Trade
      Customs run only upon our goods imported or exported, and that but once for all; whereas interest runs as well upon our ships as goods, and must be yearly paid.
  32. To encounter or suffer (a particular, usually bad, fate or misfortune).
    • 1748, Samuel Richardson, Clarissa, I.8:
      Don't let me run the fate of all who show indulgence to your sex […].
  33. (golf) To strike (the ball) in such a way as to cause it to run along the ground, as when approaching a hole.
  34. (video games, rare) To speedrun.
Conjugation[edit]
conjugation of run
infinitive run
present participle running
past participle run
simple progressive perfect perfect progressive
present I run we run I am running we are running I have run we have run I have been running we have been running
you run you run you are running you are running you have run you have run you have been running you have been running
he runs they run he is running they are running he has run they have run he has been running they have been running
past I ran we ran I was running we were running I had run we had run I had been running we had been running
you ran you ran you were running you were running you had run you had run you had been running you had been running
he ran they ran he was running they were running he had run they had run he had been running they had been running
future I will run we will run I will be running we will be running I will have run we will have run I will have been running we will have been running
you will run you will run you will be running you will be running you will have run you will have run you will have been running you will have been running
he will run they will run he will be running they will be running he will have run they will have run he will have been running they will have been running
conditional I would run we would run I would be running we would be running I would have run we would have run I would have been running we would have been running
you would run you would run you would be running you would be running you would have run you would have run you would have been running you would have been running
he would run they would run he would be running they would be running he would have run they would have run he would have been running they would have been running
imperative run

Derived terms[edit]

single words and compounds

Related terms[edit]

Translations[edit]

to smuggle illegal goods — see smuggle

Noun[edit]

diagram of stairs, showing the run
Stockings with a run (line of stitches that has come undone) in them

run (plural runs)

  1. Act or instance of running, of moving rapidly using the feet.
    I just got back from my morning run.
    • 2012 June 9, Owen Phillips, “Euro 2012: Netherlands 0-1 Denmark”, in BBC Sport‎[12]:
      Krohn-Dehli took advantage of a lucky bounce of the ball after a battling run on the left flank by Simon Poulsen, dummied two defenders and shot low through goalkeeper Maarten Stekelenburg's legs after 24 minutes.
  2. Act or instance of hurrying (to or from a place) (not necessarily on foot); dash or errand, trip.
    • 1759, N. Tindal, The Continuation of Mr Rapin's History of England, volume 21 (continuation volume 9), page 92:
      […] and on the 18th of January this squadron put to sea. The first place of rendezvous was the boy of port St. Julian, upon the coast of Patagonia, and all accidents were provided against with admirable foresight. Their run to port St. Julian was dangerous […]
    I need to make a run to the store.
  3. A pleasure trip.
    Let's go for a run in the car.
  4. Flight, instance or period of fleeing.
    • 2006, Tsirk Susej, The Demonic Bible, →ISBN, page 41:
      During his run from the police, he claimed to have a metaphysical experience which can only be described as “having passed through an abyss.”
  5. Migration (of fish).
  6. A group of fish that migrate, or ascend a river for the purpose of spawning.
  7. A literal or figurative path or course for movement relating to:
    1. A (regular) trip or route.
      The bus on the Cherry Street run is always crowded.
      • 1977, Star Wars (film)
        You've never heard of the Millennium Falcon? It's the ship that made the Kessel Run in less than twelve parsecs.
    2. The route taken while running or skiing.
      Which run did you do today?
    3. (skiing, bobsledding) A single trip down a hill, as in skiing and bobsledding.
    4. The distance sailed by a ship.
      a good run; a run of fifty miles
    5. A voyage.
      a run to China
    6. A trial.
      The data got lost, so I'll have to perform another run of the experiment.
    7. (mathematics, computing) The execution of a program or model
      This morning's run of the SHIPS statistical model gave Hurricane Priscilla a 74% chance of gaining at least 30 knots of intensity in 24 hours, reconfirmed by the HMON and GFS dynamical models.
    8. (video games) A playthrough, or attempted playthrough; a session of play.
      This was my first successful run without losing any health.
  8. Unrestricted use. Only used in have the run of.
    He can have the run of the house.
  9. An enclosure for an animal; a track or path along which something can travel.
    He set up a rabbit run.
  10. (Australia, New Zealand) Rural landholding for farming, usually for running sheep, and operated by a runholder.
  11. State of being current; currency; popularity.
    • May 25, 1715, Joseph Addison, The Freeloader No. 45
      It is impossible for detached papers[...] to have a general run, or long continuance, if they are not diversified[...].
  12. Continuous or sequential
    1. A continuous period (of time) marked by a trend; a period marked by a continuing trend.
      I’m having a run of bad luck.
      He went to Las Vegas and spent all his money over a three-day run.
      • 1796, Edmund Burke, Letters on a Regicide Peace
        They who made their arrangements in the first run of misadventure [...] put a seal on their calamities.
      • 2011 June 28, Piers Newbery, “Wimbledon 2011: Sabine Lisicki beats Marion Bartoli”, in BBC Sport‎[13]:
        German wildcard Sabine Lisicki conquered her nerves to defeat France's Marion Bartoli and take her amazing Wimbledon run into the semi-finals.
    2. A series of tries in a game that were successful.
    3. A production quantity (such as in a factory).
      Yesterday we did a run of 12,000 units.
      The book’s initial press run will be 5,000 copies.
    4. The period of showing of a play, film, TV series, etc.
      The run of the show lasted two weeks, and we sold out every night.
      It is the last week of our French cinema run.
    5. (slang) A period of extended (usually daily) drug use.
      • 1964 : Heroin by The Velvet Underground
        And I'll tell ya, things aren't quite the same / When I'm rushing on my run.
      • 1975, Lloyd Y. Young, Mary Anne Koda-Kimble, Brian S. Katcher, Applied Therapeutics for Clinical Pharmacists
        Frank Fixwell, a 25 year-old male, has been on a heroin "run" (daily use) for the past two years.
      • 1977, Richard P. Rettig, Manual J. Torres, Gerald R. Garrett, Manny: a criminal-addict's story, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH) →ISBN
        I was hooked on dope, and hooked bad, during this whole period, but I was also hooked behind robbery. When you're on a heroin run, you stay loaded so long as you can score.
      • 2001, Robin J. Harman, Handbook of Pharmacy Health Education, Pharmaceutical Press →ISBN, page 172
        This can develop quite quickly (over a matter of hours) during a cocaine run or when cocaine use becomes a daily habit.
      • 2010, Robert DuPont, The Selfish Brain: Learning from Addiction, Hazelden Publishing →ISBN, page 158
        DA depletion leads to the crash that characteristically ends a cocaine run.
    6. (card games) A sequence of cards in a suit in a card game.
    7. (music) A rapid passage in music, especially along a scale.
  13. A flow of liquid; a leak.
    The constant run of water from the faucet annoys me.
    a run of must in wine-making
    the first run of sap in a maple orchard
  14. (chiefly eastern Midland US, especially Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia) A small creek or part thereof. (Compare Southern US branch and New York and New England brook.)
    The military campaign near that creek was known as "The battle of Bull Run".
  15. A quick pace, faster than a walk.
    He broke into a run.
    1. (of horses) A fast gallop.
  16. A sudden series of demands on a bank or other financial institution, especially characterised by great withdrawals.
    Financial insecurity led to a run on the banks, as customers feared for the security of their savings.
  17. Any sudden large demand for something.
    There was a run on Christmas presents.
  18. Various horizontal dimensions or surfaces
    1. The top of a step on a staircase, also called a tread, as opposed to the rise.
    2. The horizontal length of a set of stairs
    3. (construction) Horizontal dimension of a slope.
  19. A standard or unexceptional group or category.
    He stood out from the usual run of applicants.
  20. In sports
    1. (baseball) A score when a runner touches all bases legally; the act of a runner scoring.
    2. (cricket) The act of passing from one wicket to another; the point scored for this.
    3. (American football) A running play.
      [...] one of the greatest runs of all time.
      • 2003, Jack Seibold, Spartan Sports Encyclopedia, page 592:
        Aaron Roberts added an insurance touchdown on a one-yard run.
    4. (golf) The movement communicated to a golf ball by running it.
    5. (golf) The distance a ball travels after touching the ground from a stroke.
  22. A line of knit stitches that have unravelled, particularly in a nylon stocking.
    I have a run in my stocking.
  23. (nautical) The stern of the underwater body of a ship from where it begins to curve upward and inward.
  24. (mining) The horizontal distance to which a drift may be carried, either by licence of the proprietor of a mine or by the nature of the formation; also, the direction which a vein of ore or other substance takes.
  25. A pair or set of millstones.

Synonyms[edit]

Antonyms[edit]

  • (horizontal part of a step): rise, riser
  • (horizontal distance of a set of stairs): rise

Derived terms[edit]

Translations[edit]

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

See also[edit]

Adjective[edit]

run (not comparable)

  1. In a liquid state; melted or molten.
    Put some run butter on the vegetables.
    • 1921, L. W. Ferris, H. W. Redfield and W. R. North, The Volatile Acids and the Volatile Oxidizable Substances of Cream and Experimental Butter, in the Journal of Dairy Science, volume 4 (1921), page 522:
      Samples of the regular run butter were sealed in 1 pound tins and sent to Washington, where the butter was scored and examined.
  2. Cast in a mould.
    • 1735, Thomas Frankz, A tour through France, Flanders, and Germany: in a letter to Robert Savil, page 18:
      [...] the Sides are generally made of Holland's Tiles, or Plates of run Iron, ornamented variously as Fancy dictates, [...]
    • 1833, The Cabinet Cyclopaedia: A treatise on the progressive improvement and present state of the Manufactures in Metal, volume 2, Iron and Steel (printed in London), page 314:
      Vast quantities are cast in sand moulds, with that kind of run steel which is so largely used in the production of common table-knives and forks.
    • c. 1839, (Richard of Raindale, The Plan of my House vindicated, quoted by) T. T. B. in the Dwelling of Richard of Raindale, King of the Moors, published in The Mirror, number 966, 7 September 1839, page 153:
      For making tea I have a kettle,
      Besides a pan made of run metal;
      An old arm-chair, in which I sit well —
      The back is round.
  3. Exhausted; depleted (especially with "down" or "out").
  4. (of a zoology) Travelled, migrated; having made a migration or a spawning run.
    • 1889, Henry Cholmondeley-Pennell, Fishing: Salmon and Trout, fifth edition, page 185:
      The temperature of the water is consequently much higher than in either England or Scotland, and many newly run salmon will be found in early spring in the upper waters of Irish rivers where obstructions exist.
    • 1986, Arthur Oglesby, Fly fishing for salmon and sea trout, page 15:
      It may be very much a metallic appearance as opposed to the silver freshness of a recently run salmon.
    • 2005, Rod Sutterby, Malcolm Greenhalgh, Atlantic Salmon: An Illustrated Natural History, page 86:
      Thus, on almost any day of the year, a fresh-run salmon may be caught legally somewhere in the British Isles.
  5. Smuggled.
    run brandy

Verb[edit]

run

  1. past participle of rin

Anagrams[edit]

Dutch[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

run

  1. first-person singular present indicative of runnen
  2. imperative of runnen

Gothic[edit]

Romanization[edit]

run

  1. Romanization of 𐍂𐌿𐌽

Mandarin[edit]

Romanization[edit]

run

  1. Nonstandard spelling of rún.
  2. Nonstandard spelling of rùn.

Usage notes[edit]

  • English transcriptions of Mandarin speech often fail to distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without the appropriate indication of tone.

Norman[edit]

Etymology[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun[edit]

run m (plural runs)

  1. (nautical) beam (of a ship)

Old English[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Germanic *rūnō. Cognate with the Old Saxon rūna, Old High German rūna (German Raun), Old Norse rún, and Gothic 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰 (runa).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

rūn f

  1. whisper
  2. rune
  3. mystery, secret
  4. advice
  5. writing

Declension[edit]

Declension of run (strong ō-stem)
Case Singular Plural
nominative rūn rūna, rūne
accusative rūne rūna, rūne
genitive rūne rūna
dative rūne rūnum

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

  • Middle English: roun

See also[edit]

Polish[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

run n

  1. genitive plural of runo

Noun[edit]

run f

  1. genitive plural of runa

Further reading[edit]

  • run in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Vietnamese[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Vietic *-ruːn.

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

run • (惇, 慵, 敦, 𢹈)

  1. to tremble, to shiver (due to cold)

Derived terms[edit]

Derived terms

Related terms[edit]

  • rung (“to shake”)
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