工作
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Chinese
[edit]work; worker; skill work; worker; skill; profession; trade; craft; labour |
to regard as; to take (somebody) for; to do to regard as; to take (somebody) for; to do; to make | ||
---|---|---|---|
simp. and trad. (工作) |
工 | 作 | |
anagram | 作工 |
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gung1 zok3
- Hakka
- Eastern Min (BUC): gŭng-cáuk
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 1kon-tsoq
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gong1 zo6
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ ㄗㄨㄛˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gongzuò
- Wade–Giles: kung1-tso4
- Yale: gūng-dzwò
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gongtzuoh
- Palladius: гунцзо (gunczo)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гунзуә (gunzuə, I-II)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kuŋ²⁴ t͡suə⁵¹/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: gung1 zok3
- Yale: gūng jok
- Cantonese Pinyin: gung1 dzok8
- Guangdong Romanization: gung1 zog3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɔːk̚³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kûng-chok
- Hakka Romanization System: gungˊ zogˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gung1 zog5
- Sinological IPA: /kuŋ²⁴ t͡sok̚²/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gŭng-cáuk
- Sinological IPA (key): /kuŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ (t͡s-)ʒɑuʔ²⁴/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Jinjiang, Hui'an, Philippines)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-chok
- Tâi-lô: kong-tsok
- Phofsit Daibuun: kongzog
- IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔŋ³³ t͡sɔk̚⁵/
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚³²/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: gang1 zag4
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kang tsak
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sak̚²/
- Wu
- Xiang
Verb
[edit]工作
- to work (to be engaged in a mental or physical activity)
- to work (to be employed)
- to work (to function properly)
Usage notes
[edit]There are many equivalents for English to work in Chinese, the most common and generic being 工作 (gōngzuò). Use 上班 (shàngbān) for shift work, 辦公/办公 (bàngōng) for office or administration work and 幹活/干活 (gànhuó) for physical work.
Synonyms
[edit]- (to be engaged in a mental or physical activity, to be employed):
Dialectal synonyms of 工作 (“to work; to do work”) [map]
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 工作, 幹活 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 幹活兒 |
Taiwan | 工作 | |
Singapore | 做工 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 做嘢, 做工 |
Hong Kong | 做嘢 | |
Taishan | 做工 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 做工 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 做事 |
Hakka | Meixian | 做事 |
Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 做事 | |
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 做事 | |
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 做事 | |
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 做事 | |
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 做事 | |
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 做事 | |
Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 做事計 |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 做穡, 做工課 |
Jinjiang | 作穡 | |
Taipei | 作穡 | |
New Taipei (Sanxia) | 作穡 | |
Kaohsiung | 作穡的 | |
Yilan | 作穡 | |
Changhua (Lukang) | 作穡 | |
Taichung | 做工課, 作穡 | |
Tainan | 作穡 | |
Hsinchu | 做工仔, 做穡 | |
Kinmen | 做工 | |
Penghu (Magong) | 做穡 | |
Penang (Hokkien) | 做工 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 做工 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 作穡, 做工, 做頭路 | |
Shantou | 做工, 做事, 做工課 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 做工 | |
Singapore (Hainanese) | 做工 | |
Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 做工 |
Antonyms
[edit]- (antonym(s) of “work; to be engaged in an activity”): 歇息 (xiēxi)
Related terms
[edit]Noun
[edit]工作
- (uncountable) work (employment)
- 工作滿足感/工作满足感 ― gōngzuò mǎnzúgǎn ― job satisfaction
- 找不到工作 ― zhǎobudào gōngzuò ― to be unable to find work
- (countable) job (position) (Classifier: 份; 個/个)
- (countable, uncountable) task; job; work (something to do) (Classifier: 份 m; 項/项 m; 個/个)
- (archaic, countable) ingenious accomplishment (Classifier: 個/个)
Synonyms
[edit]- (work):
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Classical Chinese | 職, 業 | |
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 職業, 工作 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 工作 |
Singapore | 工, 工作 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 工 |
Hong Kong | 工 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 工 | |
Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 頭路 |
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 頭路 | |
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 頭路 | |
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 頭路 | |
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 頭路 | |
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 頭路 | |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 頭路, 工課, 穡路 |
Quanzhou | 頭路, 工課, 穡路 | |
Jinjiang | 頭路 | |
Zhangzhou | 頭路, 工課, 穡路 | |
Taipei | 頭路 | |
New Taipei (Sanxia) | 頭路, 職業 | |
Kaohsiung | 工課, 頭路, 穡頭, 職業 | |
Yilan | 工課, 頭路, 職業 | |
Changhua (Lukang) | 工課, 頭路, 職業 | |
Taichung | 頭路, 工課, 穡頭 | |
Tainan | 工課, 頭路, 穡頭, 職業 | |
Hsinchu | 頭路, 工課 | |
Kinmen | 頭路, 工課 | |
Penghu (Magong) | 工課 | |
Penang (Hokkien) | 工課, 工 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 工, 頭路, 工課 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 頭路 | |
Jieyang | 工課 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 工, 工課 | |
Singapore (Hainanese) | 工 | |
Wu | Shanghai | 工作, 生活, 生意, 行當, 飯碗 figuratively, 飯碗頭 figuratively |
Shanghai (Chongming) | 生活, 營生 | |
Suzhou | 行當 | |
Danyang | 生活 | |
Ningbo | 生活, 行當 | |
Wenzhou | 行當 | |
Jinhua | 行當, 事幹, 生活 |
Derived terms
[edit]- 工作人員/工作人员 (gōngzuò rényuán)
- 工作合同 (gōngzuò hétóng)
- 工作坊 (gōngzuòfáng)
- 工作場所/工作场所 (gōngzuò chǎngsuǒ)
- 工作室 (gōngzuòshì)
- 工作專班/工作专班 (gōngzuò zhuānbān)
- 工作成果 (gōngzuò chéngguǒ)
- 工作日 (gōngzuòrì)
- 工作服 (gōngzuòfú)
- 工作條件/工作条件 (gōngzuò tiáojiàn)
- 工作檯/工作台 (gōngzuòtái)
- 工作母機/工作母机 (gōngzuò mǔjī)
- 工作犬 (gōngzuòquǎn)
- 工作狂 (gōngzuòkuáng)
- 工作產品/工作产品 (gōngzuò chǎnpǐn)
- 工作站 (gōngzuòzhàn)
- 工作組/工作组 (gōngzuòzǔ)
- 工作者 (gōngzuòzhě)
- 工作證/工作证 (gōngzuòzhèng)
- 工作證明/工作证明 (gōngzuò zhèngmíng)
- 工作量 (gōngzuòliàng)
- 工作隊/工作队 (gōngzuòduì)
- 工作面 (gōngzuòmiàn)
- 工作餐 (gōngzuòcān)
- 性工作 (xìnggōngzuò)
- 按章工作 (ànzhānggōngzuò)
- 文書工作/文书工作 (wénshū gōngzuò)
- 新聞工作/新闻工作 (xīnwén gōngzuò)
- 案頭工作/案头工作 (àntóu gōngzuò)
- 田野工作 (tiányě gōngzuò)
- 社會工作/社会工作 (shèhuì gōngzuò)
- 社會福利工作/社会福利工作 (shèhuì fúlì gōngzuò)
- 調查工作/调查工作 (diàochá gōngzuò)
Descendants
[edit]Others:
- → Zhuang: gunghcoz
See also
[edit]- 幹活/干活 (gànhuó)
- 勞動/劳动 (láodòng)
- 任務/任务 (rènwù)
- 上班 (shàngbān)
- 務工/务工 (wùgōng)
- 職業/职业 (zhíyè)
- 做事 (zuòshì)
- (Cantonese) 做嘢 (zou6 je5)
- (Min Nan) 做穡/做穑 (chò-sit; chòe-sit)
- (Min Nan) 空課/空课 (khang-khòe; khang-khè)
Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
工 | 作 |
こう Grade: 2 |
さく Grade: 2 |
kan'on |
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- handicraft, industrial art, woodwork
- underground negotiation of political, foreign relations
- activities of espionage
Derived terms
[edit]Verb
[edit]工作する • (kōsaku suru) suru (stem 工作し (kōsaku shi), past 工作した (kōsaku shita))
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "工作する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 工作し | こうさくし | kōsaku shi | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 工作し | こうさくし | kōsaku shi | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 工作する | こうさくする | kōsaku suru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 工作する | こうさくする | kōsaku suru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 工作すれ | こうさくすれ | kōsaku sure | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 工作せよ¹ 工作しろ² |
こうさくせよ¹ こうさくしろ² |
kōsaku seyo¹ kōsaku shiro² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 工作される | こうさくされる | kōsaku sareru | |
Causative | 工作させる 工作さす |
こうさくさせる こうさくさす |
kōsaku saseru kōsaku sasu | |
Potential | 工作できる | こうさくできる | kōsaku dekiru | |
Volitional | 工作しよう | こうさくしよう | kōsaku shiyō | |
Negative | 工作しない | こうさくしない | kōsaku shinai | |
Negative continuative | 工作せず | こうさくせず | kōsaku sezu | |
Formal | 工作します | こうさくします | kōsaku shimasu | |
Perfective | 工作した | こうさくした | kōsaku shita | |
Conjunctive | 工作して | こうさくして | kōsaku shite | |
Hypothetical conditional | 工作すれば | こうさくすれば | kōsaku sureba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative |
Korean
[edit]Hanja in this term | |
---|---|
工 | 作 |
Noun
[edit]Vietnamese
[edit]chữ Hán Nôm in this term | |
---|---|
工 | 作 |
Noun
[edit]工作
Categories:
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- Japanese terms spelled with 作 read as さく
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