underground

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See also: Underground

English

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Etymology

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From Middle English undergrounde (adverb), equivalent to under +‎ ground or under- +‎ ground. Compare Dutch ondergrond, ondergronds, German Untergrund, Danish undergrunds.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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underground (comparative more underground, superlative most underground)

  1. (not comparable) Below the ground; below the surface of the Earth.
    Synonyms: subterranean, hypogean
    There is an underground tunnel that takes you across the river.
    • 2014 June 14, “It's a gas”, in The Economist[1], volume 411, number 8891:
      One of the hidden glories of Victorian engineering is proper drains. Isolating a city’s effluent and shipping it away in underground sewers has probably saved more lives than any medical procedure except vaccination.
  2. (figurative) Hidden, furtive, secretive.
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:hidden, Thesaurus:covert
    These criminals operate through an underground network.
  3. (of music, art etc.) Outside the mainstream, especially unofficial and hidden from the authorities.
    Synonyms: unconventional, alternative
    Antonym: mainstream
    underground music
    • 1991, Stephen Fry, The Liar, page 27:
      [] he wrote to me last week telling me about an incredible bitch of a row blazing there on account of someone having been and gone and produced an unofficial magazine called Raddled, full of obscene libellous Oz-like filth. And what I though, what Sammy and I thought, was—why not?’ ‘Why not what?’ said Tom. ‘Why not do the same thing here?’ ‘You mean an underground magazine?’ ‘Yup.’
    • 2010 March 20, James Campbell, “Barry Miles: 'I think of the 60s as a supermarket of ideas. We were looking for new ways to live'”, in The Guardian[2]:
      "In many ways, it showed there was no longer an underground, as such. This proved that there was no longer one society with everyone agreeing how to live . . . The underground had officially come above ground, and consequently no longer existed."

Derived terms

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Translations

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Adverb

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underground (comparative more underground, superlative most underground)

  1. Below the ground.
    Synonym: below ground
    The tunnel goes underground at this point.
  2. Secretly.
    Synonyms: clandestinely, in secret, on the quiet

Translations

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Noun

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underground (plural undergrounds)

English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
  1. (geography) Regions beneath the surface of the earth, both natural (eg. caves) and man-made (eg. mines).
  2. (chiefly British) Synonym of subway: a railway that is under the ground.
    Synonym: underground railway
    London Underground
  3. (with definite article) A movement or organisation of people who resist political convention.
    Synonym: resistance
    the French underground during World War II
  4. (with definite article) A movement or organisation of people who resist artistic convention.
    Synonyms: avant-garde, counterculture

Translations

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Verb

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underground (third-person singular simple present undergrounds, present participle undergrounding, simple past and past participle undergrounded)

  1. To route electricity distribution cables underground.
    • 1962, David Pesonen, “Battles Over Energy”, in Carolyn Merchant, editor, Green Versus Gold: Sources in California's Environmental History[3], Island Press, published 1998, →ISBN, page 325:
      One is to underground where no other alternative will work, and this method should be used universally in urban regions as it now is in “downtown” sections.
    • 2004, Don L. Ivey, C. Paul Scott, “Solutions”, in Transportation Research Board Committee on Utilities, editor, Utilities and Roadside Safety[4], State of the Art Report 9, Transportation Research Board, →ISBN, page 9:
      Also, undergrounding may not eliminate the potential for crashes with other roadside objects, such as trees, walls, buildings, and so forth. [...] When looking at the fesibility of undergrounding utilities, the complete roadside area and nearby adjacent properties should be evaluated for potential roadside obstructions or hazards.
    • 2006, Janes Northcote-Green, Robert Wilson, “Design, Construction and Operation of Distribution Systems, MV Networks”, in Control and Automation of Electrical Power Distribution Systems[5], CRC Press, →ISBN, page 110:
      The utility now wants the network to be undergrounded in the urban areas, which would mean substations with 33 kV distribution swtichgear.

Translations

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See also

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Finnish

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Etymology

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Unadapted borrowing from English underground.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈɑnder.ɡrɑund/, [ˈɑ̝nde̞rˌɡrɑ̝und]

Noun

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underground

  1. underground (culture)

Declension

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Inflection of underground (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation)
nominative underground undergroundit
genitive undergroundin undergroundien
partitive undergroundia undergroundeja
illative undergroundiin undergroundeihin
singular plural
nominative underground undergroundit
accusative nom. underground undergroundit
gen. undergroundin
genitive undergroundin undergroundien
partitive undergroundia undergroundeja
inessive undergroundissa undergroundeissa
elative undergroundista undergroundeista
illative undergroundiin undergroundeihin
adessive undergroundilla undergroundeilla
ablative undergroundilta undergroundeilta
allative undergroundille undergroundeille
essive undergroundina undergroundeina
translative undergroundiksi undergroundeiksi
abessive undergrounditta undergroundeitta
instructive undergroundein
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of underground (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative undergroundini undergroundini
accusative nom. undergroundini undergroundini
gen. undergroundini
genitive undergroundini undergroundieni
partitive undergroundiani undergroundejani
inessive undergroundissani undergroundeissani
elative undergroundistani undergroundeistani
illative undergroundiini undergroundeihini
adessive undergroundillani undergroundeillani
ablative undergroundiltani undergroundeiltani
allative undergroundilleni undergroundeilleni
essive undergroundinani undergroundeinani
translative undergroundikseni undergroundeikseni
abessive undergroundittani undergroundeittani
instructive
comitative undergroundeineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative undergroundisi undergroundisi
accusative nom. undergroundisi undergroundisi
gen. undergroundisi
genitive undergroundisi undergroundiesi
partitive undergroundiasi undergroundejasi
inessive undergroundissasi undergroundeissasi
elative undergroundistasi undergroundeistasi
illative undergroundiisi undergroundeihisi
adessive undergroundillasi undergroundeillasi
ablative undergroundiltasi undergroundeiltasi
allative undergroundillesi undergroundeillesi
essive undergroundinasi undergroundeinasi
translative undergroundiksesi undergroundeiksesi
abessive undergroundittasi undergroundeittasi
instructive
comitative undergroundeinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative undergroundimme undergroundimme
accusative nom. undergroundimme undergroundimme
gen. undergroundimme
genitive undergroundimme undergroundiemme
partitive undergroundiamme undergroundejamme
inessive undergroundissamme undergroundeissamme
elative undergroundistamme undergroundeistamme
illative undergroundiimme undergroundeihimme
adessive undergroundillamme undergroundeillamme
ablative undergroundiltamme undergroundeiltamme
allative undergroundillemme undergroundeillemme
essive undergroundinamme undergroundeinamme
translative undergroundiksemme undergroundeiksemme
abessive undergroundittamme undergroundeittamme
instructive
comitative undergroundeinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative undergroundinne undergroundinne
accusative nom. undergroundinne undergroundinne
gen. undergroundinne
genitive undergroundinne undergroundienne
partitive undergroundianne undergroundejanne
inessive undergroundissanne undergroundeissanne
elative undergroundistanne undergroundeistanne
illative undergroundiinne undergroundeihinne
adessive undergroundillanne undergroundeillanne
ablative undergroundiltanne undergroundeiltanne
allative undergroundillenne undergroundeillenne
essive undergroundinanne undergroundeinanne
translative undergroundiksenne undergroundeiksenne
abessive undergroundittanne undergroundeittanne
instructive
comitative undergroundeinenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative undergroundinsa undergroundinsa
accusative nom. undergroundinsa undergroundinsa
gen. undergroundinsa
genitive undergroundinsa undergroundiensa
partitive undergroundiaan
undergroundiansa
undergroundejaan
undergroundejansa
inessive undergroundissaan
undergroundissansa
undergroundeissaan
undergroundeissansa
elative undergroundistaan
undergroundistansa
undergroundeistaan
undergroundeistansa
illative undergroundiinsa undergroundeihinsa
adessive undergroundillaan
undergroundillansa
undergroundeillaan
undergroundeillansa
ablative undergroundiltaan
undergroundiltansa
undergroundeiltaan
undergroundeiltansa
allative undergroundilleen
undergroundillensa
undergroundeilleen
undergroundeillensa
essive undergroundinaan
undergroundinansa
undergroundeinaan
undergroundeinansa
translative undergroundikseen
undergroundiksensa
undergroundeikseen
undergroundeiksensa
abessive undergroundittaan
undergroundittansa
undergroundeittaan
undergroundeittansa
instructive
comitative undergroundeineen
undergroundeinensa

Derived terms

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compounds

Further reading

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French

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Etymology

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Borrowed from English underground.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /œ̃.dɛʁ.ɡʁawnd/

Adjective

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underground (invariable)

  1. underground (outside the mainstream)

Noun

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underground m (uncountable)

  1. (singular only) the underground (people who resist artistic convention)

Further reading

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Italian

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Etymology

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Borrowed from English underground.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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l'underground m (invariable)

  1. the underground (people who resist artistic convention)

References

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  1. ^ underground in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

Romanian

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Etymology

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Unadapted borrowing from English underground.

Adjective

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underground m or f or n (indeclinable)

  1. underground

Declension

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Spanish

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Etymology

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Unadapted borrowing from English underground.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /andeɾˈɡɾaund/ [ãn̪.d̪eɾˈɣ̞ɾãũn̪d̪]
  • IPA(key): /ondeɾˈɡɾaund/ [õn̪.d̪eɾˈɣ̞ɾãũn̪d̪]
  • Rhymes: -aund

Noun

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underground m (plural undergrounds)

  1. underground (movement)

Usage notes

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According to Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) prescriptions, unadapted foreign words should be written in italics in a text printed in roman type, and vice versa, and in quotation marks in a manuscript text or when italics are not available. In practice, this RAE prescription is not always followed.

Further reading

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