堅持

See also: 坚持

Chinese

		strong; solid; firm strong; solid; firm; unyielding; resolute	to grasp; to hold; support to grasp; to hold; support; manage; direct; maintain
trad. (堅持)		堅	持
simp. (坚持)		坚	持

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiānchí

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ ㄔˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gin¹ ci⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): kiên-chhṳ̀ / kiân-chhṳ̀

  (Hailu, HRS): gien^ˋ chi

• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kian-chhî / kian-tî

  (Teochew, Peng'im): giang¹ ti⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹ci-zy₆

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiānchí
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ ㄔˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jianchíh
    • Wade–Giles: chien¹-chʻih²
    • Yale: jyān-chŕ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jianchyr
    • Palladius: цзяньчи (czjanʹči)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɻ̩³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gin¹ ci⁴
    • Yale: gīn chìh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gin¹ tsi⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: gin¹ qi⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiːn⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiên-chhṳ̀
    • Hakka Romanization System: gien^ˊ cii^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gian¹ ci²
    • Sinological IPA: /ki̯en²⁴ t͡sʰɨ¹¹/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiân-chhṳ̀
    • Hakka Romanization System: gian^ˊ cii^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gian¹ ci²
    • Sinological IPA: /ki̯an²⁴ t͡sʰɨ¹¹/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: gien^ˋ chi
    • Sinological IPA: /kien⁵³ t͡ʃʰi⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian-chhî
    • Tâi-lô: kian-tshî
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kienchii
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰi²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛn³³ t͡sʰi²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi¹³/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰi²³/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian-tî
    • Tâi-lô: kian-tî
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiendii
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ti¹³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: giang¹ ti⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiang thî
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiaŋ³³⁻²³ tʰi⁵⁵/

Note: giang1 ti5 - Shantou.

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹ci-zy₆
    • MiniDict: ci^平 zy^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹ji-zr₃
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕi⁵⁵ zɹ̩²¹/

Verb

堅持

1. to insist on; to persist with; to keep on (doing something); to stick to; to stick with; to persevere

   堅持下去／坚持下去  ―  jiānchí xiàqù  ―  to keep going; to carry on

   帶病堅持工作／带病坚持工作  ―  dàibìng jiānchí gōngzuò  ―  to keep working despite being ill

   堅持就是勝利。／坚持就是胜利。  ―  Jiānchí jiùshì shènglì.  ―  Persistence is victory; Success belongs to the persevering.

2. to uphold; to assert; to stick up for; to safeguard; to protect; to maintain

   堅持真理／坚持真理  ―  jiānchí zhēnlǐ  ―  to uphold the truth

   堅持原則／坚持原则  ―  jiānchí yuánzé  ―  to uphold principles

   你需要進一步堅持自己的想法。 [MSC, trad.]
   你需要进一步坚持自己的想法。 [MSC, simp.]

   Nǐ xūyào jìnyībù jiānchí zìjǐ de xiǎngfǎ. [Pinyin]

   You need to assert yourself more.

Synonyms

• (to uphold):

edit

• 保 (bǎo) (literary, or in compounds)
• 保全 (bǎoquán)
• 保庇 (Hokkien)
• 保護 / 保护 (bǎohù)
• 保障 (bǎozhàng)
• 掩護 / 掩护 (yǎnhù)
• 維持 / 维持 (wéichí)
• 維護 / 维护 (wéihù)
• 蔽護 / 蔽护 (bìhù) (literary)
• 護 / 护 (hù) (literary, or in compounds)

Antonyms

• (antonym(s) of “to persist with”): 放棄／放弃 (fàngqì)

Derived terms

• 堅持不懈 / 坚持不懈 (jiānchíbùxiè)

Related terms

• 保持 (bǎochí)
• 維持／维持 (wéichí)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
堅	持
けん Grade: S	じ Grade: 3
on'yomi	goon

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kẽ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑi]
• (Tokyo) けんじ [kéꜜǹjì] (Atamadaka – [1])

Noun

堅(けん)持(じ) • (kenji) 

1. insist, persistence, tenacity, adherence

Synonyms

• 固執(こしつ) (koshitsu)
• 固持(こじ) (koji)

Verb

堅(けん)持(じ)する • (kenji suru) suru (stem 堅(けん)持(じ)し (kenji shi), past 堅(けん)持(じ)した (kenji shita))

1. insist, persist

Conjugation

Conjugation of "堅持する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	堅持し	けんじし	kenji shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	堅持し	けんじし	kenji shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	堅持する	けんじする	kenji suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	堅持する	けんじする	kenji suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	堅持すれ	けんじすれ	kenji sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	堅持せよ¹ 堅持しろ²	けんじせよ¹ けんじしろ²	kenji seyo¹ kenji shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	堅持される	けんじされる	kenji sareru
Causative	堅持させる 堅持さす	けんじさせる けんじさす	kenji saseru kenji sasu
Potential	堅持できる	けんじできる	kenji dekiru
Volitional	堅持しよう	けんじしよう	kenji shiyō
Negative	堅持しない	けんじしない	kenji shinai
Negative continuative	堅持せず	けんじせず	kenji sezu
Formal	堅持します	けんじします	kenji shimasu
Perfective	堅持した	けんじした	kenji shita
Conjunctive	堅持して	けんじして	kenji shite
Hypothetical conditional	堅持すれば	けんじすれば	kenji sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

• “堅持”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
堅	持

Verb

堅持

1. chữ Hán form of kiên trì (“to persist; to persevere”)