固執

See also: 固执

Chinese

		hard; strong; solid hard; strong; solid; sure	execute (a plan); grasp
trad. (固執)		固	執
simp. (固执)		固	执

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gùzhi, gùzhí

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˋ ˙ㄓ, ㄍㄨˋ ㄓˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gu³ zap¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): ku-chṳp

  (Hailu, HRS): gu^ˇ zhib

• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kò͘-chip

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gu³ zib⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gùzhi
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˋ ˙ㄓ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gùjhi̊h
    • Wade–Giles: ku⁴-chih⁵
    • Yale: gù-jr
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guh.jy
    • Palladius: гучжи (gučži)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵¹ ɖ͡ʐ̥ɻ̩¹/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gùzhí
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˋ ㄓˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gùjhíh
    • Wade–Giles: ku⁴-chih²
    • Yale: gù-jŕ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guhjyr
    • Palladius: гучжи (gučži)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɻ̩³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gu³ zap¹
    • Yale: gu jāp
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gu³ dzap⁷
    • Guangdong Romanization: gu³ zeb¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuː³³ t͡sɐp̚⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ku-chṳp
    • Hakka Romanization System: gu ziib^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gu⁴ zib⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /ku⁵⁵ t͡sɨp̚²/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: gu^ˇ zhib
    • Sinological IPA: /ku¹¹ t͡ʃip⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kò͘-chip
    • Tâi-lô: kòo-tsip
    • Phofsit Daibuun: korcib
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sip̚³²/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sip̚⁵/
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sip̚³²/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sip̚³²/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sip̚³²/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gu³ zib⁴
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kù tsip
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sip̚²/

---

• Middle Chinese: kuH tsyip

Rime
Character	固	執
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	緝 (141)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	古暮切	之入切
Baxter	kuH	tsyip
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuoH/	/t͡ɕiɪp̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kuoH/	/t͡ɕip̚/
Shao Rongfen	/koH/	/t͡ɕjep̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɔH/	/cip̚/
Li Rong	/koH/	/t͡ɕiəp̚/
Wang Li	/kuH/	/t͡ɕĭĕp̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kuoH/	/t͡ɕi̯əp̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gù	zhi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gu3	zap1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤa-s  [t]ip/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kaːs  tjib/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	固	執
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gù	zhí
Middle Chinese	‹ kuH ›	‹ tsyip ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ˁa-s/	/*[t]ip/
English	fortified, secure	seize
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	固	執
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	4230	17290
Phonetic component	古	執
Rime group	魚	緝
Rime subdivision	0	2
Corresponding MC rime	顧	執
Old Chinese	/*kaːs/	/*tjib/
Notes		甲金文象梏人雙手， 幸象梏非聲

Adjective

固執

1. stubborn; obstinate

Synonyms

edit

• 乖張 / 乖张 (guāizhāng)
• 𠕇頭殼 / 𠕇头壳 (tūiⁿ-thâu-khak) (Philippine Hokkien)
• 剺揭 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
• 圓櫼 / 圆櫼 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
• 執一癖 / 执一癖 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
• 執性 / 执性 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
• 執拗 / 执拗 (zhíniù)
• 執死板 / 执死板 (Xiamen Hokkien)
• 執癖 / 执癖 (Xiamen Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
• 執著 / 执著 (zhízhuó)
• 執訣 / 执诀 (Taiwanese Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
• 悻直 (xìngzhí) (literary)
• 愚躕 / 愚蹰 (Min Nan)
• 拘執 / 拘执 (jūzhí) (literary)
• 拘泥 (jūnì)
• 死硬 (sǐyìng)
• 確切 / 确切 (quèqiè) (literary)
• 耿性 (gang² lhen¹) (Taishanese)
• 蠻皮 / 蛮皮 (mánpí)
• 頑固 / 顽固 (wángù)

Dialectal synonyms of 固執 (“stubborn”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		倔強, 固執, 頑固
Northeastern Mandarin	Malaysia	固執
	Singapore	固執
Cantonese	Guangzhou	硬頸
	Hong Kong	硬頸, 倔, 倔雷錘, 死牛一邊頸
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	硬頸
Southern Min	Klang (Hokkien)	鐵齒
	Manila (Hokkien)	𠕇頭殼

Verb

固執

1. to stubbornly stick with; to persist in; to cling to

Derived terms

• 固執己見 / 固执己见 (gùzhíjǐjiàn)
• 擇善固執 / 择善固执 (zéshàngùzhí)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (固執):

• → Japanese: 固(こ)執(しゅう) (koshū); 固(こ)執(しつ) (koshitsu)
• → Korean: 고집(固執) (gojip)
• → Vietnamese: cố chấp (固執)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
固	執
こ Grade: 4	しゅう Grade: S
kan'on	on'yomi

Kanji in this term
固	執
こ Grade: 4	しつ Grade: S
kan'on	kan'yōon

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ko̞ɕɨː]
• (Tokyo) こしゅう [kòshúú] (Heiban – [0])

• IPA^(key): [ko̞ɕit͡sɨ]
• (Tokyo) こしつ [kòshítsú] (Heiban – [0])

Noun

固(こ)執(しゅう) or 固(こ)執(しつ) • (koshū or koshitsu) 

1. persistence

Verb

固(こ)執(しゅう)する or 固(こ)執(しつ)する • (koshū suru or koshitsu suru) intransitive suru (stem 固(こ)執(しゅう)し (koshū shi), past 固(こ)執(しゅう)した (koshū shita))

1. to persist in one's view, to stick or cling to one's belief, to insist on doing

Conjugation

Conjugation of "固執する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	固執し	こしつし	koshitsu shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	固執し	こしつし	koshitsu shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	固執する	こしつする	koshitsu suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	固執する	こしつする	koshitsu suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	固執すれ	こしつすれ	koshitsu sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	固執せよ¹ 固執しろ²	こしつせよ¹ こしつしろ²	koshitsu seyo¹ koshitsu shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	固執される	こしつされる	koshitsu sareru
Causative	固執させる 固執さす	こしつさせる こしつさす	koshitsu saseru koshitsu sasu
Potential	固執できる	こしつできる	koshitsu dekiru
Volitional	固執しよう	こしつしよう	koshitsu shiyō
Negative	固執しない	こしつしない	koshitsu shinai
Negative continuative	固執せず	こしつせず	koshitsu sezu
Formal	固執します	こしつします	koshitsu shimasu
Perfective	固執した	こしつした	koshitsu shita
Conjunctive	固執して	こしつして	koshitsu shite
Hypothetical conditional	固執すれば	こしつすれば	koshitsu sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

Conjugation of "固執する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	固執し	こしゅうし	koshū shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	固執し	こしゅうし	koshū shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	固執する	こしゅうする	koshū suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	固執する	こしゅうする	koshū suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	固執すれ	こしゅうすれ	koshū sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	固執せよ¹ 固執しろ²	こしゅうせよ¹ こしゅうしろ²	koshū seyo¹ koshū shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	固執される	こしゅうされる	koshū sareru
Causative	固執させる 固執さす	こしゅうさせる こしゅうさす	koshū saseru koshū sasu
Potential	固執できる	こしゅうできる	koshū dekiru
Volitional	固執しよう	こしゅうしよう	koshū shiyō
Negative	固執しない	こしゅうしない	koshū shinai
Negative continuative	固執せず	こしゅうせず	koshū sezu
Formal	固執します	こしゅうします	koshū shimasu
Perfective	固執した	こしゅうした	koshū shita
Conjunctive	固執して	こしゅうして	koshū shite
Hypothetical conditional	固執すれば	こしゅうすれば	koshū sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

Synonyms

• 偏執(へんしゅう) (henshū)

References

• “固執”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
固	執

Noun

固執 • (gojip) (hangeul 고집)

1. hanja form^? of 고집 (“stubbornness”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
固	執

Adjective

固執

1. chữ Hán form of cố chấp (“intransigent, unreasonable”)