量

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量 U+91CF, 量
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-91CF
← 野
[U+91CE] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 釐 →
[U+91D0]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

Stroke order
12 strokes
Stroke order (Taiwan)
12 strokes

量 (radical 166, 里+5, 12 strokes, cangjie input 日一田土 (AMWG), four-corner 60104, composition ⿱旦里)

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1292, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40138
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1794, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3683, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+91CF

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 量
alternative forms 𣊹
𨤥
𨤦
𰅊 second round simplified
Wikipedia has an article on:

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 量
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
量-oracle.svg 量-bronze.svg 量-silk.svg 量-seal.svg 量-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (量) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
糧 *raŋ
量 *raŋ, *raŋs

Inconclusive. In the oracle bone and bronze scripts, the most common form was 日 (“sun”) + 東 (“bag; east”). Here are a few proposed interpretations as an ideogrammic compound (會意):

  • 日 was sometimes replaced with 田, so Qiu Xigui thinks that it may be the original character of 糧 (OC *raŋ, “grain field”).
  • Yu Xingwu interprets it as measuring something under the sun.
  • Guo Moruo interprets it as the sun rising in the east – original character of 亮 (OC *raŋs).

Shuowen interprets this as a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *raŋ, *raŋs): phonetic 曏 (OC *qʰjaŋʔ, *qʰjaŋs, *qʰaŋʔ, *qʰaŋs) + 重 (“weight; heavy”).

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)raŋ (“to count, to measure”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Cognate to Tibetan བགྲང (bgrang, “to count”), Khaling ʾkhran-ne, Burmese [script needed] (kʰraŋ, “to measure capacity”), Nusu xɹɯ³¹ (“to count”).

Pronunciation 2 is possibly a *-s suffixed exopassive derivation of Pronunciation 1; thus it means "what is measured → a measure" and is cognate to Tibetan [script needed] (grangs, “number”) (see also Unger (1983))

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • niû/niô͘ - vernacular;
  • liông/liâng - literary.
Note:
  • liang5 - literary;
  • nion5/niên5 - vernacular (niên5 - Chaozhou).
  • Wu
    Rime
    Character 量
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 來 (37)
    Final (韻) 陽 (105)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 呂章切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/lɨɐŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/liɐŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/liɑŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/lɨaŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/liaŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/lĭaŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/li̯aŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		liáng
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 量
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		liáng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ ljang ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[r]aŋ/
    English measure (v.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 量
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 8064
    Phonetic
    component         		量
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese         		/*raŋ/
    Notes 甲金文下從東，
    上日甲文作囗，
    象估量下種範圍，
    非曏聲

    Definitions[edit]

    量

    1. to measure
    2. to estimate; to evaluate
    Synonyms[edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 量 (“to measure”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 度
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 量
    Mandarin Beijing 量
    Harbin 量
    Jinan 量
    Muping 量
    Luoyang 量
    Wanrong 量
    Xi'an 量
    Xining 量
    Xuzhou 量
    Yinchuan 量
    Ürümqi 量
    Chengdu 量
    Guiyang 量
    Liuzhou 量
    Yangzhou 量
    Nanjing 量
    Cantonese Hong Kong 度, 量
    Wu Shanghai 量

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 量

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Note:
    • niū/niō͘ - vernacular;
    • liōng/liāng - literary.
  • Wu
    Rime
    Character 量
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 來 (37)
    Final (韻) 陽 (105)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 力讓切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/lɨɐŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/liɐŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/liɑŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/lɨaŋH/
    Li
    Rong         		/liaŋH/
    Wang
    Li         		/lĭaŋH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/li̯aŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		liàng
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 量
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		liàng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ ljangH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[r]aŋ-s/
    English measure (n.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 量
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 8065
    Phonetic
    component         		量
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		亮
    Old
    Chinese         		/*raŋs/

    Definitions[edit]

    量

    1. (historical) measuring vessel, such as the dou or hu
    2. measure; measurement; quantity
    3. capacity; volume
    4. (Buddhist logic) pramana
    5. (Min Nan) large steelyard
    6. to estimate; to approximate

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 量

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    量

    (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds
    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    量
    りょう
    Grade: 4
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 量 (ljangH, “measure”).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    量(りょう) • (ryō)  (historical kana りやう)

    1. volume, amount
      交通(こうつう)量(りょう)
      kōtsū-ryō
      amount of traffic
    2. (Buddhist logic) pramana
      比(ひ)量(りょう)
      hi-ryō
      pramana of Reasoning

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    量
    はか
    Grade: 4
    kun’yomi

    Cognate with 計り (hakari).[1]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    量(はか) • (haka)  Form of 量り (hakari)

    1. an instrument to measure

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    量 • (ryang>yang) (hangeul 량>양, revised ryang>yang, McCune–Reischauer ryang>yang, Yale lyang>yang)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    量 (lường, lượng, nhân)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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