流

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流 U+6D41, 流
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6D41
← 浀
[U+6D40] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 浂 →
[U+6D42]
流 U+F9CA, 流
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9CA
← 柳
[U+F9C9] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 溜 →
[U+F9CB]

流 U+FA97, 流
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA97
← 殺
[U+FA96] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 滛 →
[U+FA98]
流 U+2F902, 流
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F902
← 海
[U+2F901] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 浩 →
[U+2F903]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
Mainland China, Japan and Korea
Stroke order
Taiwan

Alternative forms[edit]

  • In mainland China (based on Xin Zixing character form), Japanese kanji, Korean hanja and Vietnamese Nôm, the upper right component 𠫓 is written ⿱亠厶 (4 strokes) while the bottom right stroke is written 乚 with an ending hook which is the historical form found in the Kangxi Dictionary.
  • In Taiwan and Hong Kong (based on Big5 character form), the upper right component 𠫓 is written ⿻一厶 (3 strokes) while the bottom right stroke is written ㇄ without the ending hook.
  • Three CJK compatibility ideographs exist for this character:
    • U+F9CA corresponds to a duplicate character found in South Korea's KS X 1001 character set.
    • U+FA97 corresponds to an alternative form used in North Korea which is similar to the character used in Taiwan/Hong Kong.
    • U+2F902 corresponds to an alternative form used in Taiwan which is similar to the character used in mainland China/Japan/Korea but the bottom right stroke is written ㇄ without the ending hook.

Han character[edit]

流 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+7, 9 strokes in traditional Chinese, 10 strokes in mainland China and Japanese and Korean, cangjie input 水卜戈山 (EYIU), four-corner 34113, composition ⿰氵㐬(GJKV or U+F9CA or U+2F902) or ⿰氵⿱𠫓⿲丿丨㇄(HT or U+FA97))

Derived characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 623, character 4
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17572
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1019, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1631, character 12
  • Unihan data for U+6D41

Chinese[edit]

trad. 流
simp. # 流
alternative forms
 
汖
㳅
𡵰
𣳛
𭰈
汖
㳅
𡵰
𣳛
𭰈
𣴑
𣹭
𣹳
𣻤
⿰氵巟
⿰氵𡿮
⿰𣴑水
⿲水𡿮水
⿲氺⿱一𠫝水
⿰氵⿱厶⿲丿丨㇏
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Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (流) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
流 *ru
硫 *ru
琉 *ru
旒 *ru
瑬 *ru
裗 *ru

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ru): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 㐬 ().

Etymology[edit]

Cognate with Tibetan རྒྱུ་ (rgyu, “to move, to go, to wander”).[1]

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • lâu - vernacular;
  • liǔ - literary.
  • Min Dong
    • Note:
    • làu - vernacular;
    • liù - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • lâu - vernacular;
    • liû - literary.
    Note:
    • lao5 - vernacular;
    • liu5 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 流
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 來 (37)
    Final (韻) 尤 (136)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 力求切
    Baxter ljuw
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/lɨu/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/liu/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/liəu/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/luw/
    Li
    Rong         		/liu/
    Wang
    Li         		/lĭəu/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/li̯ə̯u/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		liú
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		lau4
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 流
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		liú
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ ljuw ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ru/
    English flow (v.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 流
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 8335
    Phonetic
    component         		流
    Rime
    group         		幽
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		劉
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ru/
    Notes 或爲毓省聲

    Definitions[edit]

    流

    1. to flow
      流汗  ―  liúhàn  ―  to sweat
      流淚／流泪  ―  liúlèi  ―  to cry; to let tears flow
      流血  ―  liúxuè  ―  to bleed
    2. to drift; to wander
      流連／流连  ―  liúlián  ―  to linger; to be reluctant to leave
    3. class; grade
      一流  ―  yīliú  ―  first class; top grade
    4. (of water, electricity, other fluids) current; flow; stream
      氣流／气流  ―  qìliú  ―  airflow
      電流／电流  ―  diànliú  ―  electric current
    5. to spread; to scatter; to disseminate
      Synonyms: 留傳／留传 (liúchuán), 散佈／散布 (sànbù)
      流言  ―  liúyán  ―  rumors; gossip
      流芳  ―  liúfāng  ―  to leave a good reputation
    6. (physics) Short for 流明 (liúmíng, “lumen”).
    7. (mathematics) flow
    8. (computing) stream
    9. (Cantonese, Hakka) of poor quality
      流嘢 [Cantonese]  ―  lau4 je5 [Jyutping]  ―  poor-quality goods
    10. (Cantonese) fake; ingenuine
      Antonym: 堅／坚 (gin1) (Cantonese)

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ^ Hill, Nathan W.. "Tibetan phonological innovations".

    Japanese[edit]

    Shinjitai 流
    Kyūjitai
    [1][2][3]
    流󠄂
    流+&#xE0102;?
    (Hanyo-Denshi)
    (Moji_Joho)
    The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
    See here for details.
    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja

    Kanji[edit]

    流

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 流 (MC ljuw).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    流(りゅう) • (ryū) ←りう (riu)?

    1. the flow of water or something like water
    2. art forms, methods, styles, and techniques peculiar to a person or house

    Affix[edit]

    流(りゅう) • (ryū) ←りう (riu)?

    1. current, flow, stream, waterflow
    2. flowing, washing
    3. spread

    Derived terms[edit]

    Derived terms

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014), “流”, in 字通 普及版 (Jitsū fukyūban, “Jitsū trade edition”)‎[1] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN
    2. ^ 1914, 漢和大辭書 (Kanwa Dai Jisho, “The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 1273 (paper), page 687 (digital), Tōkyō: 興文社 (Kōbunsha)
    3. ^ 1927, 新漢和辭典 (Shin Kanwa Jiten, “The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 752 (paper), page 389 (digital), Ōsaka: 松雲堂 (Shōundō)
    4. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 流 (MC ljuw). Recorded as Middle Korean 류 (lyu) (Yale: lyu) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    流 (eumhun 흐를 류 (heureul ryu), South Korea 흐를 유 (heureul yu))

    1. Hanja form? of 류/유 (“flow”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    流: Hán Việt readings: lưu[1][2][3]
    流: Nôm readings: lưu[1][2]

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ^ Trần (2004).
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