孔

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孔 U+5B54, 孔
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B54
← 孓
[U+5B53] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 孕 →
[U+5B55]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
4 strokes

Han character[edit]

孔 (Kangxi radical 39, 子+1, 4 strokes, cangjie input 弓木山 (NDU), four-corner 12410, composition ⿰子乚)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 277, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6933
  • Dae Jaweon: page 544, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1008, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5B54

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 孔

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 孔
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (孔) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
吼 *qʰloːʔ, *qʰloːs
孔 *kʰloːŋʔ

Bronze inscriptions: Ideogrammic compound (會意): 丿 (“opening”) + 子 (“child”) – opening in the skull of a newborn, i.e. fontanelle.

Etymology[edit]

"hole"
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice; inner part”). 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, “hole”), Jingpho ladi hku (lədî hkū, “nostril”), Chepang घाङ्‌ (gʰaŋ, “hole”), Burmese အခေါင်း (a.hkaung:, “hollow place; cavity”), Naxi kho³³ (“cave; hole; pit”) (STEDT).
"peacock"
Starostin reconstructs 孔 (OC *khōŋ) and compares it to Proto-Vietic *k-voːŋ. Compare also Semai kuwok, Semnam kwɔːŋ.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • kháng - vernacular;
  • khóng - literary.
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 孔
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
    Final (韻) 東 (1)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 康董切
    Baxter khuwngX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kʰuŋX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kʰuŋX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kʰuŋX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kʰəwŋX/
    Li
    Rong         		/kʰuŋX/
    Wang
    Li         		/kʰuŋX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/kʰuŋX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		kǒng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		hung2
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 孔
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		kǒng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ khuwngX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[k]ʰˁoŋʔ/
    English (surname)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 孔
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 7489
    Phonetic
    component         		孔
    Rime
    group         		東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		孔
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kʰloːŋʔ/
    Notes 金文象就乳，與古候切從子殼聲字（說文乳也）同源

    Definitions[edit]

    孔

    1. hole; aperture; opening
      鼻孔  ―  bíkǒng  ―  nostril
    2. classifier for cave dwellings, oil wells, etc..
    3. (literary, for irrigation, drainage) ditch; trench; canal; channel
    4. (literary, or in compounds) profound; far-reaching
    5. (literary, or in compounds) unimpeded; unblocked
    6. (literary, or in compounds) large
    7. (literary, or in compounds) fine
    8. (literary, or in compounds) very; extremely
    9. (literary, or in compounds) peacock; peafowl
    10. a surname
      孔祥熙  ―  Kǒng Xiángxī  ―  H. H. Kung (Chinese banker and politician)
    11. (specifically) Short for 孔子 (Kǒngzǐ, “Confucius”).
    12. (Quanzhou Hokkien) classifier for partitioned grid units in a tool.

    Synonyms[edit]

    • (hole):
    Dialectal synonyms of 孔 (“hole”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 孔, 洞, 穴
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 孔, 洞, 孔洞, 空洞, 空穴
    Mandarin Beijing 窟窿
    Jinan 窟窿
    Luoyang 窟窿
    Wanrong 窟窿
    Xi'an 窟窿子, 窟窿
    Wuhan 窟窿, 窟眼, 洞洞, 洞
    Chengdu 窟窿, 洞洞, 洞
    Liuzhou 窿
    Yangzhou 洞, 窟窿
    Nanjing 窟窿
    Hefei 窟窿, 洞
    Singapore 洞
    Cantonese Guangzhou 窿, 咕窿
    Hong Kong 窿, 咕窿
    Taishan 孔
    Yangjiang 窿
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 窿
    Singapore (Guangfu) 窿
    Gan Nanchang 洞
    Hakka Meixian 窿仔, 窿空仔
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 空
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 空
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 空
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 空
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 空
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 空
    Jin Taiyuan 窟窿, 窟子
    Min Bei Jian'ou 川
    Min Dong Fuzhou 空空
    Min Nan Xiamen 空, 空口
    Quanzhou 空
    Zhangzhou 空口
    Zhangzhou (Changtai) 空
    Taipei 空
    Penang (Hokkien) 空
    Singapore (Hokkien) 空
    Manila (Hokkien) 空
    Chaozhou 空
    Jieyang 空, 洞
    Haifeng 空
    Singapore (Teochew) 空
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 窿
    Wu Suzhou 洞
    Wenzhou 洞, 窟, 窟窿
    Jinhua 窟窿
    Xiang Changsha 洞, 洞子
    Shuangfeng 眼貢, 洞
    edit
    • (very):
    edit
    Synonyms of 孔
    • (peacock): 孔雀 (kǒngquè)
    • (Confucius):
    edit

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 孔

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    孔

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    1. cavity

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    孔 (eumhun 구멍 공 (gumeong gong))

    1. Hanja form? of 공 (“opening, hole”).

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    孔: Hán Nôm readings: khổng, hỏng, hổng, khỏng, khủng

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