窟

窟 U+7A9F, 窟 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A9F ← 窞 [U+7A9E] CJK Unified Ideographs 窠 → [U+7AA0]

Translingual

Han character

窟 (Kangxi radical 116, 穴+8, 13 strokes, Cangjie input 十金尸山山 (JCSUU), four-corner 3027₂, composition ⿱穴屈)

Derived characters

• 𠏅, 𡀙, 𡑣, 𡼿, 𢷈, 㵠, 𦡆, 𥖚, 𠟶

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 866, character 33
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25552
• Dae Jaweon: page 1294, character 32
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2734, character 14
• Unihan data for U+7A9F

Chinese

trad.		窟
simp. #		窟

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (出) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
聉	*r̥ʰuːlʔ, *ŋrɯd, *ʔr'uːd, *ŋruːd
贅	*kljods
祟	*sqʰluds
出	*kʰljuds, *kʰljud
茁	*ʔl'ɯd, *skruːd, *skrod, *skrud
欪	*qʰlɯd, *l̥ʰud
貀	*ŋr'uːd
袦	*ŋr'oːd
咄	*ʔl'oːd, *ʔl'uːd
柮	*sɡloːd, *ʔl'uːd
拙	*kljod
炪	*kljod, *l̥ʰud
掘	*ɡlod, *ɡlud
鈯	*l'uːd
啒	*kluːd, *qʰluːd
淈	*kluːd, *ɡluːd
窟	*kʰluːd
泏	*kʰluːd, *ʔl'ud
堀	*kʰluːd, *ɡlud
胐	*kʰluːd
窋	*ʔl'ud
絀	*ʔl'ud
黜	*l̥ʰud
屈	*klud, *kʰlud
趉	*klud
鶌	*klud
詘	*kʰlud
倔	*ɡlud
崛	*ɡlud, *ŋɡlud

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰluːd): semantic 穴 (“hole; cave”) + phonetic 屈 (OC *klud, *kʰlud).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kū (ku¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): fat¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): fut

  (Hailu, HRS): fud

  (Meixian, Guangdong): kiud⁵ / fud⁵

• Eastern Min (BUC): káuk
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): koh⁶ / kuoh⁶
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): khut

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kug⁴ / kuh⁴ / uh⁴

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁷khoq; ⁷khueq

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kū
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄨ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ku
    • Wade–Giles: kʻu¹
    • Yale: kū
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ku
    • Palladius: ку (ku)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: fat¹
    • Yale: fāt
    • Cantonese Pinyin: fat⁷
    • Guangdong Romanization: fed¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɐt̚⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fut
    • Hakka Romanization System: fud^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: fud⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /fut̚²/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: fud
    • Sinological IPA: /fut⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: kiud⁵ / fud⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰiut̚¹/, /fut̚¹/

Note:

• Meixian:
  • kiud5 - literary;
  • fud5 - vernacular.

• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: káuk
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɑuʔ²⁴/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: koh⁶
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: keoh
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɔʔ²¹/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: kuoh⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuoʔ²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khut
    • Tâi-lô: khut
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qud
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kʰut̚³²/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰut̚⁵/
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰut̚³²/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kʰut̚³²/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰut̚³²/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: kug⁴ / kuh⁴ / uh⁴
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khuk / khuh / uh
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuk̚²/, /kʰuʔ²/, /uʔ²/

Note:

• kug4 - literary;
• kuh4/uh4 - vernacular.

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁷khoq; ⁷khueq
    • MiniDict: khoh^入; khueh^入
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁴khoq; ⁴khueq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰoʔ⁵⁵/, /kʰuəʔ⁵⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: khwot

Rime
Character	窟
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	沒 (56)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	苦骨切
Baxter	khwot
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰuət̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰuot̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰuət̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰwət̚/
Li Rong	/kʰuət̚/
Wang Li	/kʰuət̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰuət̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ku
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fat1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[kʰ]ˤut/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰluːd/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	窟
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kū
Middle Chinese	‹ khwot ›
Old Chinese	/*[kʰ]ˁut/
English	cave, hole
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	窟
Reading #	1/1
No.	1565
Phonetic component	出
Rime group	物
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	窟
Old Chinese	/*kʰluːd/

Definitions

窟

1. cave; hole; cavity

   石窟  ―  shíkū  ―  rock cave

   狡兔三窟  ―  jiǎotùsānkū  ―  a crafty person has more than one hideout (literally, “a crafty rabbit has three burrows”)

2. den; lair; a place where a certain kind of people or things gather

   魔窟  ―  mókū  ―  place occupied by sinister forces

   貧民窟／贫民窟  ―  pínmínkū  ―  slum

3. (Hokkien) depression; dip; hollow
4. (Hokkien) Classifier for holes, cavities, or hollows.
5. (obsolete) house made of earth

Synonyms

• (depression): 凹陷 (āoxiàn)

Compounds

• 云岡石窟
• 克孜爾石窟 / 克孜尔石窟
• 吳哥窟 / 吴哥窟 (Wúgēkū)
• 四大石窟
• 屎窟
• 敦煌石窟
• 洞窟 (dòngkū)
• 狡兔三窟 (jiǎotùsānkū)
• 石窟 (shíkū)
• 窟窿 (kūlong)
• 窟窿眼 (kūlongyǎn)
• 窟窿碰撞
• 窟臀
• 莫高窟 (Mògāokū)
• 蟳窟 / 𫊻窟 (Xúnkū)
• 財政窟窿 / 财政窟窿
• 貧民窟 / 贫民窟 (pínmínkū)
• 銷金窟 / 销金窟 (xiāojīnkū)
• 魔窟 (mókū)
• 麥積山石窟 / 麦积山石窟
• 龍門石窟 / 龙门石窟

References

• “窟”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long]; 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu]; 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying]; 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019), “窟 (～窿)”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 239.

Japanese

Kanji

窟

(Jōyō kanji)

1. hole, cave

Readings

• Go-on: こち (kochi)
• Kan-on: こつ (kotsu)
• Kan’yō-on: くつ (kutsu, Jōyō)
• Kun: いわや (iwaya, 窟)

Definitions

For pronunciation and definitions of 窟 – see the following entry.

【岩屋いわや】 [noun] a cave [noun] a cavern Alternative spelling 石屋

(This term, 窟, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

• “^△窟”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[2] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 窟 (MC khwot).

Historical readings
Dongguk Jeongun reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	코ᇙ〮 (Yale: khwólq)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
	Gloss (hun)	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3]	구무 (Yale: kwùmwù)	굴〮 (Yale: kwúl)

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ku(ː)ɭ]
• Phonetic hangul: [굴(ː)]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

窟 (eumhun 굴 굴 (gul gul))

1. hanja form^? of 굴 (“cave; hole”) [noun]

Compounds

• See the hangul entry at 굴 (gul) for compounds of 窟.

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Vietnamese

Han character

窟: Hán Nôm readings: quật

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