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骨

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
骨 U+9AA8, 骨
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9AA8
← 骧
[U+9AA7] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 骩 →
[U+9AA9]

⾻ U+2FBB, ⾻
KANGXI RADICAL BONE
← ⾺
[U+2FBA] 		Kangxi Radicals ⾼ →
[U+2FBC]

⻣ U+2EE3, ⻣
CJK RADICAL BONE
← ⻢
[U+2EE2] 		CJK Radicals Supplement ⻤ →
[U+2EE4]

Translingual

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Traditional 骨
Simplified 骨
Japanese 骨
Korean 骨
Stroke order
(Mainland China)
Stroke order
(Taiwan)
Stroke order
(Japan)

Alternative forms

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  • In Traditional Chinese (Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau), Japanese kanji, Korean hanja, and Vietnamese Nôm, the inner component on the top of the character is drawn with two strokes both starting from the center, and positioned to the right (◲) (骨, ⾻, 骨), which is the orthodox form found in the historical Kangxi dictionary.
  • In mainland China (based on Xin Zixing (新字形) standardized form), the inner component on the top of the character is drawn with a single stroke starting from the left, and positioned to the left (◱) (骨).
  • In mainland China (Xin Zixing), Hong Kong and Macau (Traditional Chinese), Japanese kanji, Korean hanja and Vietnamese Nôm, the bottom component is written in the form of ⺝ (similar to 月), but the leftmost stroke is vertical (丨) and not curved (丿), which is the orthodox form found in the Kangxi dictionary.
  • In Taiwan (Traditional Chinese), the bottom component is written in the form of ⺼ (meat radical, similar to 月 where the leftmost stroke is curved 丿 but the two horizontal strokes enclosed within are written 冫 instead).
  • Due to Han unification, this character may or may not appear different, depending on the fonts available (the curvature or straightness of the leftmost stroke in the bottom part is not significant and may vary slightly between fonts):
    • 骨 : traditional Kangxi form (10 strokes) in Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, Korea, Vietnam;
    • 骨: traditional modified form (10 strokes) in Taiwan;
    • 骨: simplified form (9 strokes) in Mainland China.

Han character

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See images of
Radical 188 骨

骨 (Kangxi radical 188, 骨+0, 10 strokes in traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean, 9 strokes in mainland China, Cangjie input 月月月 (BBB), four-corner 77227, composition ⿱⿵⿰丨𠃍𠃍肎(G) or ⿱⿵⿰丨𠃍⿰丨一肎(HTJKV))

  1. Kangxi radical #188, ⾻.
  2. Shuowen Jiezi radical №134

Derived characters

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Further reading

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1447, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 45098
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1973, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4406, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+9AA8

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 骨
Shang Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (骨) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
顝 *kʰuːl, *kʰuːlʔ, *kʰuːd
滑 *ɡruːd, *kuːd, *ɡuːd
猾 *ɡruːd
磆 *ɡruːd
螖 *ɡruːd
鶻 *ɡruːd, *kuːd, *ɡuːd
嗗 *qruːd
骨 *kuːd
縎 *kuːd
愲 *kuːd
蓇 *kuːd
尳 *kuːd, *ɡuːd
榾 *kuːd
搰 *ɡuːd
核 *ɡuːd, *ɡrɯːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kuːd): phonetic 冎 + semantic 肉. 冎 is the original pictogram for this character; 肉 was added later to distinguish.

Etymology 1

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trad. 骨
simp. # 骨

Usually related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m/g-rus (“bone”), whence Tibetan རུས (rus), Nuosu ꃷꅍ (vup ddu), S'gaw Karen တၢ်ဃံ (ta̱xee), but there is no trace of a medial *r in Chinese (Schuessler, 2007). Alternatively, Luce (1981) compares Burmese ခုတ် (hkut, “to chop, hew”), which appears phonetically much closer, as well as semantically reasonable, if animal bones were interpreted as "hewed pieces".

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • gǔ - usual pronunciation;
  • gū - used in some colloquial words, such as 骨朵兒 (“unbloomed flower”) and 骨碌 (“to roll”);
  • gú - used in some colloquial words, such as 骨頭 (“bone”).
Note:
  • Changting:
    • gue2 - vernacular;
    • gui2 - literary.
Note:
  • gug4 - vernacular;
  • guag4 - literary.
Note:
  • gui2 - vernacular;
  • gu2 - literary.
Note:
  • gui6 - vernacular;
  • gu6 - literary.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 骨
    Mandarin Beijing /ku²¹⁴/
    /ku³⁵/
    Harbin /ku²¹³/
    Tianjin /ku¹³/ ～折
    /ku²¹/ ～頭
    Jinan /ku²¹³/
    Qingdao /ku⁵⁵/
    Zhengzhou /ku²⁴/
    Xi'an /ku²¹/
    Xining /kv̩⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /ku¹³/
    Lanzhou /ku¹³/
    Ürümqi /ku²¹³/
    Wuhan /ku²¹³/
    Chengdu /ku³¹/
    Guiyang /ku²¹/
    Kunming /ku³¹/
    Nanjing /kuʔ⁵/
    Hefei /kuəʔ⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /kuəʔ²/
    Pingyao /kuʌʔ¹³/
    Hohhot /kuəʔ⁴³/
    Wu Shanghai /kuəʔ⁵/
    Suzhou /kuəʔ⁵/
    Hangzhou /kuoʔ⁵/
    Wenzhou /ky²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /kuʔ²¹/
    Tunxi /ku⁵/
    Xiang Changsha /ku²⁴/
    Xiangtan /ku²⁴/
    Gan Nanchang /kuɨʔ⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /kut̚¹/
    Taoyuan /kut̚²²/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /kwɐt̚⁵/
    Nanning /kɛɐt̚⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /kwɐt̚⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kut̚³²/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kɔuʔ²³/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ko²⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /kuk̚²/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /kut̚⁵/
    Rime
    Character 骨
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 沒 (56)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 古忽切
    Baxter kwot
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kuət̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kuot̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kuət̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kwət̚/
    Li
    Rong         		/kuət̚/
    Wang
    Li         		/kuət̚/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/kuət̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		gu
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gwat1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 骨
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		gǔ
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kwot ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kˁut/
    English bone

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 骨
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 4321
    Phonetic
    component         		骨
    Rime
    group         		物
    Rime
    subdivision         		2
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		骨
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kuːd/
    Notes 冎亦聲

    Definitions

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    骨

    1. (anatomy) bone
    2. (anatomy) skeleton
    3. (figurative) frame; framework
    4. (figurative) moral character
    5. (Cantonese, Mainland China Hokkien) sarcasm
      佢句句說話都有骨。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      佢句句说话都有骨。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      keoi5 geoi3 geoi3 syut3 waa6 dou1 jau5 gwat1. [Jyutping]
      All his sentences are sarcastic.
    6. (Mainland China Hokkien) the hell (usually in a question in mild disdain)
    7. (Quanzhou Hokkien) clever; intelligent; smart
    8. a surname, Gu
    Synonyms
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    • (moral character):
    Dialectal synonyms of 聰明 (“clever; intelligent; smart; bright”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 聰明, 伶俐, 聰敏, 聰穎
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 聰明, 機靈, 伶俐, 聰敏, 聰穎, 聰慧
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 聰明
    Taiwan 聰明
    Malaysia 聰明, pandai
    Singapore 聰明, pandai
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 聰明
    Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 靈, 靈醒
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 精靈, 聰明
    Chongqing (Changshou) 精靈
    Wuhan 聰明
    Guilin 聰明
    Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 聰明
    Hefei 聰明
    Cantonese Guangzhou 聰明, 醒, 醒目, 叻, 精
    Hong Kong 聰明, 醒, 醒目, 叻, 精
    Taishan 聰明, 叻, 參
    Kaiping (Chikan) 叻
    Yangjiang 伶俐, 叻
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 精, 扮𠮨
    Singapore (Guangfu) 聰明, 精, 叻, 醒目, 扮𠮨
    Gan Nanchang 精靈, 聰明
    Hakka Meixian 聰明, 機靈
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 聰明
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 聰明
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 聰明
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 聰明, 精
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 聰明, 精
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 聰明
    Kuching (Hepo) 將
    Jin Taiyuan 機靈, 聰明
    Northern Min Jian'ou 聰明
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 聰明
    Southern Min Xiamen 聰明, 伶俐
    Quanzhou 聰明, 骨, 骨鳥 derogatory, 伶俐
    Zhangzhou 聰明, 伶俐
    Taipei 聰明, 巧, 明白
    Klang (Hokkien) 𠢕, 勥, 精, 班耐
    Singapore (Hokkien) 聰明, 𠢕, 勥, 醒目, 巧
    Manila (Hokkien) 巧, 勥, 𠢕
    Chaozhou 聰明
    Singapore (Teochew) 聰明
    Wenchang 精
    Singapore (Hainanese) 精
    Wu Suzhou 聰明
    Ningbo 聰明
    Wenzhou 靈, 聰明
    Xiang Changsha 靈泛, 聰明
    Shuangfeng 聰明

    Compounds

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    Etymology 2

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    trad. 骨
    simp. # 骨
    alternative forms 嗗

    From English quarter.

    Pronunciation

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    Definitions

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    骨

    1. (Cantonese) quarter of an hour; 15 minutes (Classifier: 個／个 c)
      三點一個骨／三点一个骨 [Cantonese]  ―  saam1 dim2 jat1 go3 gwat1 [Jyutping]  ―  quarter past three
      五點三個骨／五点三个骨 [Cantonese]  ―  ng5 dim2 saam1 go3 gwat1 [Jyutping]  ―  quarter to six (literally, “three quarters past five”)
    2. (Cantonese) one fourth; a quarter

    References

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    Japanese

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    Kanji

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    骨

    (Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

    1. skeleton
    2. bone

    Readings

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    Compounds

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    Etymology 1

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      Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
      Wikipedia ja
      English Wikipedia has an article on:
      Wikipedia
      骨 (hone): a bone.
      Kanji in this term
      骨
      ほね
      Grade: 6
      kun'yomi

      /pone/ → /ɸone/ → /hone/

      From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pənay.

      Pronunciation

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      Noun

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      骨(ほね) • (hone) 

      1. bone
      Derived terms
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      Derived terms

      Etymology 2

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        Kanji in this term
        骨
        かわら
        Grade: 6
        kun'yomi
        Alternative spelling
        䯊 (rare)

        /kapara/ → /kaɸara/ → /kawara/

        Probably from Sanskrit कपाल (kapāla, “cup, bowl, skull”). Cognate with 瓦 (kawara, “tile, particularly for roofing or flooring”).[2]

        Pronunciation

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        Noun

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        骨(かわら) • (kawara) ←かはら (kafara)?

        1. (archaic, rare) a bone, particularly a covering bone such as a skull or kneecap

        Etymology 3

        [edit]
          Kanji in this term
          骨
          こつ
          Grade: 6
          kan'on

          From Middle Chinese 骨 (MC kwot, “bone”).

          The knack sense comes from the idea of the bones as the innermost core or essence of something.

          Pronunciation

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          Noun

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          骨(こつ) or 骨(コツ) • (kotsu) 

          1. remains, ashes, bones
          2. (usually katakana) knack, trick
            ネイルのコツ
            neiru no kotsu
            tricks and tips for doing one's nails
          Derived terms
          [edit]
          Derived terms

          References

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          1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
          2. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
          3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

          Korean

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          Etymology

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          From Middle Chinese 骨 (MC kwot).

          Historical readings
          Dongguk Jeongun reading
          Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 고ᇙ〮 (Yale: kwólq)
          Middle Korean
          Text Eumhun
          Gloss (hun) Reading
          Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] ᄲᅧ〮 (Yale: spyé) 골〮 (Yale: kwól)

          Pronunciation

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          Hanja

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          Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

          骨 (eumhun 뼈 골 (ppyeo gol))

          1. hanja form? of 골 (“bone”)

          Compounds

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          Compounds

          References

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          • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

          Okinawan

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          Kanji

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          骨

          (Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

          Readings

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          Etymology 1

          [edit]

          From Proto-Ryukyuan *pone, from earlier Proto-Japonic *pənay. Cognate with Japanese 骨 (hone, “bone”).

          Noun

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          骨(ふに) (funi) 

          1. bone
          2. frame (of a sliding paper door, etc)
          3. stem, stalk

          Etymology 2

          [edit]

          Ultimately from Middle Chinese 骨 (MC kwot, “bone”).

          Noun

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          骨(くち) or 骨(くし) (kuchi or kushi) 

          1. remains, ashes

          Vietnamese

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          Han character

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          骨: Hán Việt readings: cốt[1][2][3][4][5][6]
          骨: Nôm readings: cốt[1][2][3], cót[1][3], cút[1][3], cọt[3], gút[3]

          1. chữ Hán form of cốt (“bone (compounds), extracted, condensed”)

          Compounds

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          References

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          1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nguyễn (2014).
          2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
          3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Trần (2004).
          4. ^ Trần (1999).
          5. ^ Nguyễn (1974).
          6. ^ Thiều Chửu (1942).
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