結構

See also: 结构

Chinese

FWOTD – 5 March 2014

		knot; sturdy; to bear (fruit) knot; sturdy; to bear (fruit); bond; to tie; to bind	Broussonetia papyrifera; to construct; to form Broussonetia papyrifera; to construct; to form; to make up; to compose
trad. (結構)		結	構
simp. (结构)		结	构

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiégòu

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄍㄡˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): git³ kau³ / git³ gau³
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): geh⁶ gieo⁴
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kiat-kò͘ / kiat-kiò

(Teochew, Peng'im): gag⁴ gou³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiégòu
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄍㄡˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiégòu
  - Wade–Giles: chieh²-kou⁴
  - Yale: jyé-gòu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyegow
  - Palladius: цзегоу (czegou)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ koʊ̯⁵¹/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    結搆 / 结构
    結構 / 结构
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: git³ kau³ / git³ gau³
  - Yale: git kau / git gau
  - Cantonese Pinyin: git⁸ kau³ / git⁸ gau³
  - Guangdong Romanization: gid³ keo³ / gid³ geo³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiːt̚³ kʰɐu̯³³/, /kiːt̚³ kɐu̯³³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: geh⁶ gieo⁴ [Phonetic: geh⁷ gieo⁴]
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: geh-ga̤̍u
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɛʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ kieu⁴²/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: geh⁶ gieo⁴ [Phonetic: geh⁷ gieo⁴]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɛʔ²⁻⁴ kieu⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiat-kò͘
  - Tâi-lô: kiat-kòo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiatkox
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ kɔ¹¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ kɔ²¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Kaohsiung): /kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ kɔ²¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiat-kiò
  - Tâi-lô: kiat-kiò
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiatkioix
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ kio⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gag⁴ gou³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kak kòu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kak̚²⁻⁴ kou²¹³/

Noun

結構

structure; construction; organization
形式結構／形式结构 ― xíngshì jiégòu ― formal structure

股權結構／股权结构 ― gǔquán jiégòu ― ownership structure

知識結構／知识结构 ― zhīshí jiégòu ― knowledge structure

腦的神經結構／脑的神经结构 ― nǎo de shénjīng jiégòu ― the neural structure of the brain
(architecture) structure; construction
混凝土結構／混凝土结构 ― hùnníngtǔ jiégòu ― concrete structure

Synonyms

edit

佈局 / 布局 (bùjú)
建築 / 建筑 (jiànzhù) (figurative)
架構 / 架构 (jiàgòu)
框架 (kuàngjià)
構成 / 构成 (gòuchéng)
構架 / 构架 (gòujià)
構造 / 构造 (gòuzào)
組成 / 组成 (zǔchéng)
骨 (figurative)
骨架 (gǔjià) (figurative)

Derived terms

並列結構 / 并列结构 (bìngliè jiégòu)
人口結構 / 人口结构 (rénkǒu jiégòu)
代數結構 / 代数结构 (dàishù jiégòu)
分子結構 / 分子结构 (fēnzǐ jiégòu)
數據結構 / 数据结构 (shùjù jiégòu)
木結構 / 木结构 (mùjiégòu)
權力結構 / 权力结构 (quánlì jiégòu)
生態結構 / 生态结构 (shēngtài jiégòu)
生產結構 / 生产结构 (shēngchǎn jiégòu)
產業結構 / 产业结构 (chǎnyè jiégòu)
結構主義 / 结构主义 (jiégòuzhǔyì)
結構化 / 结构化 (jiégòuhuà)
結構性 / 结构性 (jiégòuxìng)
結構生物學 / 结构生物学 (jiégòu shēngwùxué)
網狀結構 / 网状结构 (wǎngzhuàng jiégòu)
能源結構 / 能源结构 (néngyuán jiégòu)
計算機系統結構 / 计算机系统结构 (jìsuànjī xìtǒng jiégòu)

Verb

結構

(archaic) to collude with; to collaborate with
- 張讓、段珪見董后一枝已廢，遂皆以金珠玩好結構何進弟何苗并其母舞陽君，令早晚入何太后處，善言遮蔽；因此，十常侍又得近幸。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
  张让、段珪见董后一枝已废，遂皆以金珠玩好结构何进弟何苗并其母舞阳君，令早晚入何太后处，善言遮蔽；因此，十常侍又得近幸。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]
  From: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, circa 14^th century CE
  Zhāng Ràng, Duàn Guī jiàn Dǒng hòu yī zhī yǐ fèi, suì jiē yǐ jīn zhū wánhào jiégòu Hé Jìn dì Hé Miáo bìng qí mǔ Wǔyángjūn, lìng zǎowǎn rù Hé tàihòu chù, shàn yán zhēbì; yīncǐ, shíchángshì yòu dé jìn xìng. [Pinyin]
  When Zhang Rang and Duan Gui saw that Empress Dong's branch of the family had been nullified, they resorted to using bribes of gold and pearls to collude with He Jin's younger brother He Miao and his mother, the Lady of Wuyang. The stipulation was that sooner or later, they would meet with Empress Dowager He and put in a good word so that the eunuchs would be protected. Because of this, the ten regular attendants acquired a new benefactor.

Synonyms

edit

串 (literary, or in compounds)
串同
串通 (chuàntōng)
交通 (jiāotōng) (Classical)
勾 (literary, or in compounds)
勾搭 (gōuda)
勾結 / 勾结 (gōujié)
勾通 (gōutōng)
拍通套 (Hokkien)
斗空 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
結	構
けつ > けっ Grade: 4	こう Grade: 5
on'yomi

Etymology

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 結構 (MC ket kuwH). Appears in the 小右記 (Shōyūki, Ouki) of 1031, the diary of Fujiwara no Sanesuke.^[1]

Pronunciation 1

(Tokyo) けっこー [kèkkóó] (Heiban – [0])^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [ke̞k̚ko̞ː]

Noun

結(けっ)構(こう) • (kekkō)

the assembly or composition of things into a single unified whole
such an assembly or composition
a plan or scheme
preparations
(rare) alternative name for 茗荷 (myōga): myoga or Japanese ginger

Verb

結(けっ)構(こう)する • (kekkō suru) suru (stem 結(けっ)構(こう)し (kekkō shi), past 結(けっ)構(こう)した (kekkō shita))

to assemble or compose things into a single unified whole
to plan or scheme
to prepare

Conjugation

Conjugation of "結構する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	結構し	けっこうし	kekkō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	結構し	けっこうし	kekkō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	結構する	けっこうする	kekkō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	結構する	けっこうする	kekkō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	結構すれ	けっこうすれ	kekkō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	結構せよ¹ 結構しろ²	けっこうせよ¹ けっこうしろ²	kekkō seyo¹ kekkō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	結構される	けっこうされる	kekkō sareru
Causative	結構させる結構さす	けっこうさせるけっこうさす	kekkō saseru kekkō sasu
Potential	結構できる	けっこうできる	kekkō dekiru
Volitional	結構しよう	けっこうしよう	kekkō shiyō
Negative	結構しない	けっこうしない	kekkō shinai
Negative continuative	結構せず	けっこうせず	kekkō sezu
Formal	結構します	けっこうします	kekkō shimasu
Perfective	結構した	けっこうした	kekkō shita
Conjunctive	結構して	けっこうして	kekkō shite
Hypothetical conditional	結構すれば	けっこうすれば	kekkō sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

Pronunciation 2

(Tokyo) けっこー [kéꜜkkòò] (Atamadaka – [1])^[2]^[3]^[4]
IPA^(key): [ke̞k̚ko̞ː]

Adjective

結(けっ)構(こう) • (kekkō) -na (adnominal 結(けっ)構(こう)な (kekkō na), adverbial 結(けっ)構(こう)に (kekkō ni))

splendid, wonderful
fine, sufficient, tolerable
(in response to an offer) no thank you, all right, fine, enough
いいえ、結構(けっこう)です。
Īe, kekkō desu.
No thank you, I am fine.
of unspecified gravity
結構(けっこう)な事故(じこ)
kekkō na jiko
quite an accident

Inflection

Inflection of 結構
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	結構だろ	けっこうだろ	kekkō daro
Continuative (連用形)	結構で	けっこうで	kekkō de
Terminal (終止形)	結構だ	けっこうだ	kekkō da
Attributive (連体形)	結構な	けっこうな	kekkō na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	結構なら	けっこうなら	kekkō nara
Imperative (命令形)	結構であれ	けっこうであれ	kekkō de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	結構ではない結構じゃない	けっこうではないけっこうじゃない	kekkō de wa nai kekkō ja nai
Informal past	結構だった	けっこうだった	kekkō datta
Informal negative past	結構ではなかった結構じゃなかった	けっこうではなかったけっこうじゃなかった	kekkō de wa nakatta kekkō ja nakatta
Formal	結構です	けっこうです	kekkō desu
Formal negative	結構ではありません結構じゃありません	けっこうではありませんけっこうじゃありません	kekkō de wa arimasen kekkō ja arimasen
Formal past	結構でした	けっこうでした	kekkō deshita
Formal negative past	結構ではありませんでした結構じゃありませんでした	けっこうではありませんでしたけっこうじゃありませんでした	kekkō de wa arimasen deshita kekkō ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	結構で	けっこうで	kekkō de
Conditional	結構なら（ば）	けっこうなら（ば）	kekkō nara (ba)
Provisional	結構だったら	けっこうだったら	kekkō dattara
Volitional	結構だろう	けっこうだろう	kekkō darō
Adverbial	結構に	けっこうに	kekkō ni
Degree	結構さ	けっこうさ	kekkōsa

Adverb

結(けっ)構(こう) • (kekkō)

quite
似(に)たような問題(もんだい)は結構(けっこう)出題(しゅつだい)されます。
Nita yō na mondai wa kekkō shutsudai saremasu.
Similar questions appear quite frequently.

あの映画(えいが)は結構(けっこう)面白(おもしろ)かったね。
Ano eiga wa kekkō omoshirokatta ne.
That film was quite interesting, wasn't it?

美味(おい)しいけど、結構(けっこう)する
oishii kedo, kekkō suru
delicious, but quite pricey

Synonyms

可也(かなり) (kanari, “quite”)

References

^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

“結構”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
結	構

Noun

結構 • (gyeolgu) (hangeul 결구)

hanja form^? of 결구 (“structure; construction”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
結	構

Noun

結構

chữ Hán form of kết cấu (“structure”)

[KDJ-1] Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[DJR-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[SMK5-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-4] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]