Jump to content

近

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
近 U+8FD1, 近
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8FD1
← 运
[U+8FD0] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 迒 →
[U+8FD2]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character

[edit]

近 (Kangxi radical 162, 辵+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 卜竹一中 (YHML), four-corner 32302, composition ⿺辶斤)

Derived characters

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1254, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38752
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1736, character 18
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3819, character 12
  • Unihan data for U+8FD1

Chinese

[edit]
trad. 近
simp. # 近
alternative forms 𣥍

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 近
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (斤) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
蘄 *ɡɯ, *kɯl, *ɡɯn
祈 *ɡɯl
頎 *ɡɯl
旂 *ɡɯl
圻 *ɡɯl, *ŋɡɯːn, *ŋɡɯn
蚚 *ɡɯl, *ɡɯːls
岓 *ɡɯl
玂 *ɡɯl
沂 *ŋɡɯl
掀 *qʰan
釿 *ŋɡrɯnʔ, *ŋkɯn
齗 *ŋɡrɯnʔ, *ŋɡɯn
听 *ŋɡrɯnʔ, *ŋɡɯnʔ
垽 *ŋrɯns, *qɯns
斤 *kɯn, *kɯns
菦 *kɯnʔ
靳 *kɯns
劤 *kɯns
勁 *kɯns, *keŋs
赾 *kʰɯnʔ
芹 *ɡɯn
近 *ɡɯnʔ, *ɡɯns
斦 *ŋɡɯn
欣 *qʰɯn
忻 *qʰɯn
昕 *qʰɯn
訢 *qʰɯn
炘 *qʰɯn, *qʰɯns
邤 *qʰɯn
庍 *qʰɯns, *mpreːɡs
焮 *qʰɯns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡɯnʔ, *ɡɯns): semantic 辶 (“walk”) + phonetic 斤 (OC *kɯn, *kɯns) – to be near something.

Etymology

[edit]

Karlgren (1933) relates 近 (OC *ɡɯnʔ, *ɡɯns) to 幾 (OC *kɯl, “imminent”).

近 (OC *ɡɯns, “to come near to; to approach”) is the exoactive/causative derivation of 近 (OC *ɡɯnʔ, “to be near”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Compare Proto-Vietic *t-kəɲ, whence Vietnamese gần (“near”).

Pronunciation

[edit]
Note:
  • kan5 - vernacular;
  • gan6 - literary.
Note:
  • kin1 - vernacular;
  • gin5 - literary.
Note:
  • kan2 - vernacular;
  • gan6 - literary.
Note:
  • Sixian:
    • khiun - literary;
    • khiûn - vernacular.
  • Hailu:
    • kiun˖ - literary;
    • kiunˋ - vernacular.
  • Meixian:
    • kiun4 - literary;
    • kiun1 - vernacular.
Note:
  • geng6 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Chenghai;
  • gêng6 - Jieyang;
  • ging6 - Chaoyang.
Note:
  • jin5 - vernacular;
  • jin4 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 近
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕin⁵¹/
Harbin /t͡ɕin⁵³/
Tianjin /t͡ɕin⁵³/
Jinan /t͡ɕiẽ²¹/
Qingdao /t͡ɕiə̃⁴²/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕin³¹²/
Xi'an /t͡ɕiẽ⁴⁴/
Xining /t͡ɕiə̃²¹³/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕiŋ¹³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕĩn¹³/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
Wuhan /t͡ɕin³⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕin¹³/
Guiyang /t͡ɕin²¹³/
Kunming /t͡ɕĩ¹/
Nanjing /t͡ɕin⁴⁴/
Hefei /t͡ɕin⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiəŋ⁴⁵/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiŋ³⁵/
Hohhot /t͡ɕĩŋ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /d͡ʑin³¹/
Hangzhou /d͡ʑin¹³/
Wenzhou /d͡ʑaŋ³⁵/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰiʌ̃³⁵/
Tunxi /t͡ɕʰin²⁴/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
/t͡ɕin¹¹/
Xiangtan /d͡ʑin²¹/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰin²¹/
Hakka Meixian /kʰiun⁴⁴/ 好～
/kʰiun⁵³/ ～來
Taoyuan /kʰuŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kɐn²²/
Nanning /kʰɐn²⁴/
/kɐn²²/
Hong Kong /kɐn²²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kun²²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /køyŋ²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kyiŋ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kɯŋ³⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /kin³³/
Rime
Character 近 近
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 群 (30) 群 (30)
Final (韻) 欣 (57) 欣 (57)
Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 其謹切 巨靳切
Baxter gj+nX gj+nH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɡɨnX/ /ɡɨnH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɡɨnX/ /ɡɨnH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɡiənX/ /ɡiənH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/gɨnX/ /gɨnH/
Li
Rong 		/ɡiənX/ /ɡiənH/
Wang
Li 		/ɡĭənX/ /ɡĭənH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/gi̯ənX/ /gi̯ənH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jìn jìn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gan6 gan6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 近 近
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jìn jìn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ gjɨnX › ‹ gjɨnH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*N-kərʔ/ /*s-N-kərʔ-s/
English near be near to (v.t.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 近 近
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 6659 6660
Phonetic
component 		斤 斤
Rime
group 		文 文
Rime
subdivision 		1 1
Corresponding
MC rime 		近 近
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡɯnʔ/ /*ɡɯns/

Definitions

[edit]

近

  1. (of distances) near; close
    住越近越容易遲到。 [MSC, trad.]
    住越近越容易迟到。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhù yuè jìn yuè róngyì chídào. [Pinyin]
    Those who live closer (to the destination) are more likely to be late.
    我屋企好近學校。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    我屋企好近学校。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ngo5 uk1 kei2 hou2 kan5 hok6 haau6. [Jyutping]
    My home is close to my school.
  2. (of time) near; close
    現在離春節越來越近了。 [MSC, trad.]
    现在离春节越来越近了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Xiànzài lí chūnjié yuè lái yuè jìn le. [Pinyin]
    We are now getting closer to the Chinese New Year.
    近呢幾年都冇乜新歌好聽。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    近呢几年都冇乜新歌好听。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    gan6 nei1 gei2 nin4 dou1 mou5 mat1 san1 go1 hou2 teng1. [Jyutping]
    There have been few good new songs in the past few years.
  3. intimate; close (on affectionate terms)
    別跟他走得太近。 [MSC, trad.]
    别跟他走得太近。 [MSC, simp.]
    Bié gēn tā zǒu dé tài jìn. [Pinyin]
    Don't be too close with him.
  4. to approach; to be close to
    近千人  ―  jìn qiān rén  ―  nearly one thousand people
    年近四十  ―  nián jìn sìshí  ―  approaching forty
  5. easy to understand
    淺近／浅近  ―  qiǎnjìn  ―  easy to understand
  6. (Wenzhounese) to make a profit; to earn

Synonyms

[edit]
  • (near; close):
Dialectal synonyms of 近 (“near; close”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 近, 邇
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 近
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 近
Taiwan 近
Malaysia 近
Singapore 近
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 近
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 近
Wanrong 近
Xi'an 近
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 近
Wuhan 近
Guilin 近
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 近
Hefei 近
Cantonese Guangzhou 近
Hong Kong 近
Yangjiang 近
Singapore (Guangfu) 近
Gan Nanchang 近
Lichuan 近
Hakka Meixian 近
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 近
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 近
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 近
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 近
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 近
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 近
Huizhou Jixi 近
Jin Taiyuan 近
Northern Min Jian'ou 近
Eastern Min Fuzhou 近
Southern Min Xiamen 近
Quanzhou 近
Jinjiang 近
Taipei 近
New Taipei (Sanxia) 近
Kaohsiung 近
Yilan 近
Changhua (Lukang) 近
Taichung 近
Tainan 近
Hsinchu 近
Kinmen 近
Penghu (Magong) 近
Singapore (Hokkien) 近
Manila (Hokkien) 近
Chaozhou 近
Singapore (Teochew) 近
Leizhou 近
Haikou 近
Puxian Min Putian 近
Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) 近
Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) 近
Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) 近
Xianyou 近
Xianyou (Fengting) 近
Xianyou (Youyang) 近
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 近
Wu Suzhou 近
Danyang 近
Wenzhou 近
Xiang Changsha 近
Shuangfeng 近
  • (intimate):

Compounds

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]

Japanese

[edit]
Shinjitai 近
Kyūjitai
[1]
近󠄁
近+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
近󠄃
近+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

[edit]
近

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. near, close

Readings

[edit]

Proper noun

[edit]

近(こん) • (Kon) 

  1. a surname

References

[edit]
  1. ^ “近”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025

Korean

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]

近 (eumhun 가까울 근 (gakkaul geun))

  1. hanja form? of 근 (“near; close”)

Compounds

[edit]

Vietnamese

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

近: Hán Nôm readings: cận, cặn, gàn, gần

  1. Chữ Hán form of cận (“close; nearby”).
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=近&oldid=84517421"