林
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]林 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 木木 (DD), four-corner 44990, composition ⿰木木)
Derived characters
[edit]- 㑣, 啉, 𡍚, 㛦, 崊, 㣩, 惏, 㨆, 淋, 晽, 𦝃, 𤊩, 琳, 䢞, 𪾭, 碄, 綝(𬘭), 諃, 𨂕, 醂, 𧇨, 𪳻, 𮨭(𬱾), 𣒜, 彬, 郴, 㪔, 𬃂, 𬃴, 䫐(𬃲), 𠓭, 冧, 𠩵, 㚞, 㝝, 𡹇, 麻, 𣇰, 森, 菻, 𠄻, 痳, 罧, 𥦝, 𪩦, 𦋗, 箖, 𧇃, 𤾓, 䦥, 霖, 𧇥, 𠐙, 𬴫, 𪎦, 𣟒
- 𣑽, 𫦯, 㭝, 𠵂, 埜, 梦, 𡘽, 婪, 𡹚, 梵, 梺, 椘, 𢛓, 𫿱, 𣈅, 𣓏, 𪵝, 焚, 㷊, 棼, 棽, 棾, 𣓕, 𣓴, 𪲡, 𬂽, 榃, 楚, 𥁹, 𥓙, 禁, 𣕯, 𣕽, 𣕾, 𪲵, 𫱒, 𬃕, 𬃚, 𧛀, 𧩋, 𧯴, 𧼖, 䠂, 辳, 㯄, 𧹫, 𪳟, 𨨗, 樷, 㯟, 㯬, 𪳯, 𬄜, 檒(𮨴), 𣜕, 𨤳, 𪳽, 𬄰, 𩤆, 𣝹, 㰈, 𬷞, 麓, 𧰔, 𬅐, 𬅛, 𮟝, 𣫓
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 516, character 5
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14551
- Dae Jaweon: page 903, character 19
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1164, character 7
- Unihan data for U+6797
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
林 |
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Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 林 | |||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Duplication of 木 (“tree”) to give the idea of multiple trees (compare 森), thus a forest.
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ram (“jungle; forest; country; field”) (STEDT). Cognate with 森 (OC *srɯm, “forest”), Mizo ram (“forest; country”), Karbi ram (“jungle”).
Or perhaps an area word (Schuessler, 2007), shared with Khmer រាម (riəm, “thick bushy jungle that grows along a stream”), Old Khmer *rām (“inundated forest along a watercourse”), Old Khmer sarāma ~ sarāṃ (“a tract of stunted vegetation”), Mon ရာံ (rèm, “copse; patch of woodland”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nin2
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): lin4
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): ling1
- Northern Min (KCR): lâng
- Eastern Min (BUC): lìng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 6lin / 2lin
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): lin2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄣˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: lín
- Wade–Giles: lin2
- Yale: lín
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lin
- Palladius: линь (linʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /lin³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: nin2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lin
- Sinological IPA (key): /nin²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: lam4
- Yale: làhm
- Cantonese Pinyin: lam4
- Guangdong Romanization: lem4
- Sinological IPA (key): /lɐm²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: lim3 / lem4
- Sinological IPA (key): /lim²²/, /lem²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: lin4
- Sinological IPA (key): /lin³⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lìm
- Hakka Romanization System: limˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: lim2
- Sinological IPA: /lim¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: ling1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /lĩŋ¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lâng
- Sinological IPA (key): /laŋ³³/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: lìng
- Sinological IPA (key): /l̃iŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- nâ - vernacular;
- lîm/lêm - literary (including surname).
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: nan5 / lim5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nâⁿ / lîm
- Sinological IPA (key): /nã⁵⁵/, /lim⁵⁵/
- nan5 - vernacular;
- lim5 - literary (including surname).
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 林 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /lin³⁵/ |
Harbin | /lin²⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /lin⁴⁵/ | |
Jinan | /liẽ⁴²/ | |
Qingdao | /liə̃⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /lin⁴²/ | |
Xi'an | /liẽ²⁴/ | |
Xining | /liə̃²⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /liŋ⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /lĩn⁵³/ | |
Ürümqi | /liŋ⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /nin²¹³/ | |
Chengdu | /nin³¹/ | |
Guiyang | /nin²¹/ | |
Kunming | /lĩ¹/ | |
Nanjing | /lin²⁴/ | |
Hefei | /lin⁵⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /liəŋ¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /liŋ¹³/ | |
Hohhot | /lĩŋ³¹/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /liŋ²³/ |
Suzhou | /lin¹³/ | |
Hangzhou | /lin²¹³/ | |
Wenzhou | /leŋ³¹/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /liʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
Tunxi | /lin⁴⁴/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /lin¹³/ |
Xiangtan | /nin¹²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /lin⁴⁵/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /lim¹¹/ |
Taoyuan | /lim¹¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /lɐm²¹/ |
Nanning | /lɐm²¹/ | |
Hong Kong | /lɐm²¹/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /lim³⁵/ /na³⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /liŋ⁵³/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /leiŋ³³/ /laŋ³³/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /lim⁵⁵/ /nã⁵⁵/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /lim³¹/ |
- Middle Chinese: lim
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]əm/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·rɯm/
Definitions
[edit]林
- forest; grove; woods
- circle; community; group of similar people or things
- 武林 ― wǔlín ― martial arts world
- forestry
- a surname, commonly romanized as Lin, Lim, and Lam
- 林默娘 ― Lín Mòniáng ― Lin Moniang (a Chinese sea goddess also known by several other names and titles)
- 林彪 ― Lín Biāo ― Lin Biao (a Marshal of the People's Republic of China)
Compounds
[edit]- 七林林
- 七留七林
- 上林苑
- 上林賦/上林赋
- 丘林 (Qiūlín)
- 丕林島/丕林岛
- 中林
- 二林 (Èrlín)
- 亭林先生
- 何氏語林/何氏语林
- 佳林 (Jiālín)
- 保安林
- 保林
- 保留林
- 儒林 (rúlín)
- 儒林外史 (Rúlín Wàishǐ)
- 克林貢/克林贡 (kèlíngòng)
- 克里姆林宮 (Kèlǐmǔlín gōng)
- 公有林
- 凡士林 (fánshìlín)
- 刀山劍林/刀山剑林
- 北林 (Běilín)
- 原始林 (yuánshǐlín)
- 原生林 (yuánshēnglín)
- 叢林/丛林 (cónglín)
- 史達林/史达林 (Shǐdálín)
- 吉林 (Jílín, “Jilin”)
- 同林鳥/同林鸟
- 和林 (Hélín)
- 哈林式
- 員林/员林 (Yuánlín)
- 喬林/乔林
- 單純林/单纯林
- 固沙林 (gùshālín)
- 國有林/国有林
- 園林/园林 (yuánlín)
- 團林鋪/团林铺 (Tuánlínpù)
- 坪林 (Pínglín)
- 城市山林
- 士林 (shìlín)
- 壬林
- 大林 (Dàlín)
- 天然林 (tiānránlín)
- 奧林匹克/奥林匹克 (àolínpǐkè)
- 奧林比亞/奥林比亚
- 孔林 (Kǒnglín)
- 字林 (Zìlín)
- 寒林 (hánlín)
- 封山育林
- 小林 (Xiǎolín)
- 少林 (Shàolín, “Shaolin”)
- 少林寺 (Shàolínsì)
- 少林拳 (Shàolínquán)
- 少林派
- 尸陀林 (shītuólín)
- 山林 (shānlín)
- 山林屠販/山林屠贩
- 山林文學/山林文学
- 峰林
- 巴林 (Bālín)
- 布林代數/布林代数
- 布魯克林/布鲁克林 (Bùlǔkèlín)
- 常綠林/常绿林
- 平地松林
- 平林 (pínglín)
- 幼學瓊林/幼学琼林
- 幼林
- 御林軍/御林军 (yùlínjūn, “the troops responsible for protecting the capital or the emperor”)
- 快活林
- 息影園林/息影园林
- 息影林泉
- 意林
- 成材林 (chéngcáilín)
- 成林
- 把臂入林
- 故林
- 文林 (wénlín)
- 斯大林 (Sīdàlín)
- 易林
- 春林
- 書林/书林
- 曼陀林 (màntuólín)
- 杉林 (Shānlín)
- 杏林 (xìnglín)
- 杏林春暖
- 杉林溪
- 林下
- 林下風氣/林下风气
- 林下風範/林下风范
- 林下風致/林下风致
- 林內/林内 (Línnèi)
- 林內鄉/林内乡
- 林冲夜奔
- 林加拉語/林加拉语 (Línjiālāyǔ)
- 林務/林务
- 林區/林区 (línqū)
- 林口 (Línkǒu)
- 林口臺地/林口台地
- 林園/林园 (línyuán)
- 林園大道/林园大道
- 林地 (líndì)
- 林型
- 林場/林场 (línchǎng, “forestry center”) ( tree farm)
- 林壑
- 林子 (línzi)
- 林宗巾
- 林家溪 (Línjiāxī)
- 林家花園/林家花园
- 林帶/林带
- 林慚澗愧/林惭涧愧
- 林投 (líntóu)
- 林投姐
- 林木 (línmù)
- 東林/东林 (Dōnglín)
- 松林 (sōnglín)
- 林杪
- 東林書院/东林书院
- 林林總總/林林总总 (línlínzǒngzǒng, “numerous”) ( in great abundance)
- 東林黨/东林党
- 東柏林/东柏林 (Dōng-Bólín)
- 林梢
- 林業/林业 (línyè, “forestry”)
- 林檎 (línqín)
- 林泉 (línquán)
- 林浪
- 林濤/林涛
- 林無靜樹/林无静树
- 林班
- 林琅
- 林產/林产 (línchǎn)
- 林相
- 林立 (línlì)
- 林籟/林籁
- 林美 (Línměi)
- 林苑
- 林莽 (línmǎng)
- 林蔭/林荫 (línyīn)
- 林蔭大道/林荫大道 (línyīn dàdào)
- 林蔭蔽天/林荫蔽天
- 林薄
- 林藪/林薮
- 林衣
- 林表
- 林邊/林边 (Línbiān)
- 林邊鄉/林边乡
- 林郎
- 林離/林离
- 林麓
- 林黛玉
- 柳林 (Liǔlín)
- 柏林
- 柏林劇團/柏林剧团
- 柏林圍牆/柏林围墙 (Bólín Wéiqiáng)
- 柏林大學/柏林大学
- 柏林影展
- 柏林會議/柏林会议
- 柏林樂派/柏林乐派
- 桂林 (Guìlín)
- 格林 (Gélín)
- 株林
- 桂林一枝
- 格林威治 (Gélínwēizhì)
- 格林童話/格林童话
- 森林 (sēnlín, “forest”)
- 棘林
- 森林學/森林学
- 森林法
- 森林浴 (sēnlínyù)
- 楊林/杨林 (Yánglín)
- 楓林/枫林 (Fēnglín)
- 楓林上城/枫林上城 (Fēnglínshàngchéng)
- 楊林市/杨林市 (Yánglínshì)
- 楊林橋/杨林桥 (Yánglínqiáo)
- 楊林溝/杨林沟 (Yánglíngōu)
- 榛林
- 槍林彈雨/枪林弹雨 (qiānglíndànyǔ)
- 樹林/树林 (shùlín, “forest”) ( woods)
- 檀林
- 次生林 (cìshēnglín)
- 武林舊事/武林旧事
- 歸林/归林
- 氨基比林
- 水林 (Shuǐlín)
- 水泥叢林/水泥丛林 (shuǐní cónglín)
- 永續林/永续林
- 池魚林木/池鱼林木
- 泰加林 (tàijiālín)
- 法苑珠林
- 洛林 (Luòlín)
- 海防林
- 混合林 (hùnhélín)
- 溪林 (Xīlín)
- 澤林/泽林 (Zélín)
- 烏林/乌林 (Wūlín)
- 焚林之求
- 焚林而田
- 焚林而畋
- 獨木不林/独木不林
- 瑤林瓊樹/瑶林琼树
- 瓊林/琼林
- 瓊林宴/琼林宴
- 瓊林玉樹/琼林玉树
- 瓊林玉質/琼林玉质
- 瓊林苑/琼林苑
- 盜林/盗林
- 盤尼西林/盘尼西林 (pánníxīlín, “penicillin”)
- 眾議成林/众议成林
- 石林 (shílín)
- 碑林 (bēilín)
- 禁林 (jìnlín)
- 福馬林/福马林
- 禪林/禅林 (chánlín)
- 秀林 (Xiùlín)
- 穆思林
- 空林
- 窮猿奔林/穷猿奔林
- 窮猿投林/穷猿投林
- 竹林 (zhúlín)
- 竹林七賢/竹林七贤 (Zhúlín Qīxián)
- 竹林之游
- 竹林橋/竹林桥 (Zhúlínqiáo)
- 笑林
- 紅樹林/红树林 (hóngshùlín)
- 經濟林/经济林 (jīngjìlín)
- 綠林/绿林
- 綠林兵/绿林兵
- 綠林大盜/绿林大盗
- 綠林好漢/绿林好汉
- 綠林豪客/绿林豪客
- 綠林起義/绿林起义
- 繡林/绣林 (Xiùlín)
- 羅克斯普林/罗克斯普林 (Luókèsīpǔlín)
- 羽林
- 羽林軍/羽林军
- 翰林 (Hànlín)
- 翰林院 (Hànlínyuàn)
- 老林 (lǎolín)
- 聲振林木/声振林木
- 肉山脯林
- 舞林高手
- 芎林
- 芳林
- 花林寺 (Huālínsì)
- 茂林 (màolín)
- 茂林修竹 (màolínxiūzhú)
- 茂林深竹
- 菲林 (fēilín)
- 落葉林/落叶林
- 藝林/艺林
- 蜜林檎
- 西林 (xīlín)
- 西柏林 (Xī-Bólín)
- 言談林藪/言谈林薮
- 詞林/词林
- 詞林紀事/词林纪事
- 詩入雞林/诗入鸡林
- 赤道雨林
- 辭林/辞林 (cílín)
- 辯圃學林/辩圃学林
- 農林/农林 (nónglín)
- 迦羅林朝/迦罗林朝
- 造林 (zàolín)
- 道林紙/道林纸
- 遊樂林/游乐林
- 遠遁山林/远遁山林
- 遯跡山林/遁迹山林
- 都柏林 (Dūbólín)
- 酒池肉林 (jiǔchíròulín)
- 醫林改錯/医林改错
- 野豬林/野猪林
- 針葉林/针叶林 (zhēnyèlín)
- 錫林郭勒/锡林郭勒 (Xīlínguōlè)
- 長林/长林
- 長林豐草/长林丰草
- 防沙林
- 防護林/防护林 (fánghùlín)
- 防霜林
- 防風林/防风林 (fángfēnglín)
- 阿尼林 (ānílín)
- 陰丹士林/阴丹士林 (yīndānshìlín)
- 雨林 (yǔlín, “rainforest”)
- 雲林/云林 (Yúnlín)
- 雲林寺/云林寺
- 馬林巴琴/马林巴琴 (mǎlínbāqín)
- 鳳林/凤林 (Fènglín)
- 鶴林/鹤林
- 鶴林玉露/鹤林玉露
- 麗林/丽林 (Lìlín)
- 黑林 (Hēilín)
- 黑森林 (Hēi Sēnlín)
Descendants
[edit]Others:
Further reading
[edit]- “Entry #4208”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]- Go-on: りん (rin, Jōyō)←りん (rin, historical)←りむ (rimu, ancient)
- Kan-on: りん (rin, Jōyō)←りん (rin, historical)←りむ (rimu, ancient)
- Kun: はやし (hayashi, 林, Jōyō)←はやし (fayasi, 林, historical); おおい (ōi, 林い)←おほい (ofoi, 林い, historical)
- Nanori: き (ki); きみ (kimi); しげ (shige); しげる (shigeru); とき (toki); ふさ (fusa); もと (moto); もり (mori); よし (yoshi)
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
林 |
はやし Grade: 1 |
kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese. First mentioned in the Man'yōshū, completed in 759 CE.[1]
Derives from the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 生やす (hayasu, “to grow”).[1] The root verb is in the transitive form, suggesting that the original sense of hayashi may have indicated a deliberately planted or managed grove.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Tokyo) はやし [hàyáshíꜜ] (Odaka – [3])[2][3][4]
- (Tokyo) はやし [hàyáshí] (Heiban – [0])[2][3][4]
- IPA(key): [ha̠ja̠ɕi]
Noun
[edit]- [from 759] a grove, woods, copse
- [from 759] (figurative) a forest of something
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]- a surname
- a female given name
Etymology 2
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
林 |
りん Grade: 1 |
on'yomi |
/rimʉ/ → /riɴ/
From Middle Chinese 林 (MC lim).
Affix
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]- a surname
- (rare) a female given name
Usage notes
[edit]As a surname, this reading is more often used by people of Chinese ancestry, since it is similar to the Mandarin Chinese reading of Lín.
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 林 (MC lim). Recorded as Middle Korean 림 (lim) (Yale: lim) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Hanja
[edit]林 (eumhun 수풀 림 (supul rim), word-initial (South Korea) 수풀 임 (supul im))
Compounds
[edit]References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [1]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]References
[edit]- Hán Việt Tự Điển Thiều Chửu v. 3.0, http://vietnamtudien.org/thieuchuu, http://vietnamtudien.org/thieuchuu/&h75.htm#26519
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