林

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林 U+6797, 林
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6797
← 枖
[U+6796] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 枘 →
[U+6798]
林 U+F9F4, 林
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9F4
← 麟
[U+F9F3] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 淋 →
[U+F9F5]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character[edit]

林 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 木木 (DD), four-corner 44990, composition ⿰木木)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 516, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14551
  • Dae Jaweon: page 903, character 19
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1164, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+6797

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 林

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 林
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
林-oracle.svg 林-bronze.svg 林-seal.svg 林-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (林) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
婪 *ɡ·ruːm
惏 *ɡ·ruːm
啉 *ɡ·ruːm
漤 *ɡ·ruːmʔ
醂 *ɡ·ruːmʔ
林 *ɡ·rɯm
琳 *ɡ·rɯm
淋 *ɡ·rɯm, *ɡ·rɯms
痳 *ɡ·rɯm
箖 *ɡ·rɯm
霖 *ɡ·rɯm
菻 *ɡ·rɯmʔ, *ɡ·rɯms
罧 *slɯmʔ, *srɯms
棽 *r̥ʰɯm, *srɯm
綝 *r̥ʰɯm
郴 *r̥ʰɯm
禁 *krɯm, *krɯms
襟 *krɯm
僸 *krɯms, *ŋɡrɯmʔ
澿 *ɡrɯm
噤 *ɡrɯmʔ, *ɡrɯms
凚 *ɡrɯmʔ, *ɡrɯms
齽 *ɡrɯms

Duplication of 木 (“tree”) to give the idea of multiple trees (compare 森), thus a forest.

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ram (“jungle; forest; country; field”) (STEDT). Cognate with 森 (OC *srɯm, “forest”), Mizo ram (“forest; country”), Karbi ram (“jungle”).

Or perhaps an area word (Schuessler, 2007), shared with Khmer រាម (riəm, “thick bushy jungle that grows along a stream”), Old Khmer *rām (“inundated forest along a watercourse”), Old Khmer sarāma ~ sarāṃ (“a tract of stunted vegetation”), Mon ရာံ (rèm, “copse; patch of woodland”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: lim3 - including surname.
Note:
  • nâ - vernacular;
  • lîm/lêm - literary (including surname).
Note:
  • nan5 - vernacular;
  • lim5 - literary (including surname).
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 林
    Mandarin Beijing /lin³⁵/
    Harbin /lin²⁴/
    Tianjin /lin⁴⁵/
    Jinan /liẽ⁴²/
    Qingdao /liə̃⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /lin⁴²/
    Xi'an /liẽ²⁴/
    Xining /liə̃²⁴/
    Yinchuan /liŋ⁵³/
    Lanzhou /lĩn⁵³/
    Ürümqi /liŋ⁵¹/
    Wuhan /nin²¹³/
    Chengdu /nin³¹/
    Guiyang /nin²¹/
    Kunming /lĩ¹/
    Nanjing /lin²⁴/
    Hefei /lin⁵⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /liəŋ¹¹/
    Pingyao /liŋ¹³/
    Hohhot /lĩŋ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /liŋ²³/
    Suzhou /lin¹³/
    Hangzhou /lin²¹³/
    Wenzhou /leŋ³¹/
    Hui Shexian /liʌ̃⁴⁴/
    Tunxi /lin⁴⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /lin¹³/
    Xiangtan /nin¹²/
    Gan Nanchang /lin⁴⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /lim¹¹/
    Taoyuan /lim¹¹/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /lɐm²¹/
    Nanning /lɐm²¹/
    Hong Kong /lɐm²¹/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /lim³⁵/
    /na³⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /liŋ⁵³/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /leiŋ³³/
    /laŋ³³/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /lim⁵⁵/
    /nã⁵⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /lim³¹/
    Rime
    Character 林
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 來 (37)
    Final (韻) 侵 (139)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 力尋切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/liɪm/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/lim/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ljem/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/lim/
    Li
    Rong         		/liəm/
    Wang
    Li         		/lĭĕm/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/li̯əm/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		lín
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		lam4
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 林
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		lín
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ lim ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[r]əm/
    English forest

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 林
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 8165
    Phonetic
    component         		林
    Rime
    group         		侵
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		林
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡ·rɯm/

    Definitions[edit]

    林

    1. forest; grove; woods
      竹林  ―  zhúlín  ―  bamboo forest
      防風林 / 防风林  ―  fángfēnglín  ―  windbreak; shelterbelt
    2. circle; community; group of similar people or things
      武林  ―  wǔlín  ―  martial arts world
    3. forestry
    4. A surname​, commonly romanized as Lin, Lim, and Lam
      林默娘  ―  Lín Mòniáng  ―  Lin Moniang (a Chinese sea goddess also known by several other names and titles)
      林則徐 / 林则徐  ―  Lín Zéxú  ―  Lin Zexu (Qing dynasty Chinese official)
      林彪  ―  Lín Biāo  ―  Lin Biao (a Marshal of the People's Republic of China)

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 林

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (林):
    • → Japanese: 林(りん) (rin)
    • → Korean: 림 (林, rim); 임 (林, im)
    • → Vietnamese: lâm (林)

    Others:

    Further reading[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    林

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    林
    はやし
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese. First mentioned in the Man'yōshū, completed in 759 CE.[1]

    Derives from the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 生やす (hayasu, “to grow”).[1] The root verb is in the transitive form, suggesting that the original sense of hayashi may have indicated a deliberately planted or managed grove.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    林(はやし) • (hayashi) 

    1. [from 759] a grove, woods, copse
    2. [from 759] (figuratively) a forest of something
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    See also[edit]

    Proper noun[edit]

    林(はやし) • (Hayashi) 

    1. a surname
    2. a female given name

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    林
    りん
    Grade: 1
    on’yomi

    /rimʉ/ → /riɴ/

    From Middle Chinese 林 (MC liɪm).

    Affix[edit]

    林(りん) • (rin) 

    1. grove, forest, woods, copse
    2. gathering
    3. lined up
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Proper noun[edit]

    林(りん) • (Rin) 

    1. a surname
    2. (rare) a female given name
    Usage notes[edit]

    As a surname, this reading is more often used by people of Chinese ancestry, since it is similar to the Mandarin Chinese reading of Lín.

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 林 (MC liɪm). Recorded as Middle Korean 림 (lim) (Yale: lim) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    林 (eumhun 수풀 림 (supul rim), South Korea 수풀 임 (supul im))

    1. Hanja form? of 림/임 (“forest”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    林: Hán Nôm readings: lâm, Lâm

    1. forest
    2. gathering
    3. dense
    4. A surname​.

    References[edit]

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