林檎

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Chinese[edit]

phonetic
trad. (林檎) 林 檎
simp. #(林檎) 林 檎
alternative forms 林禽
來禽／来禽

Etymology 1[edit]

First attested during the Wei–Jin era.

Likely a loanword from a language in the Western Regions, apples also being a common produce of Central Asia.

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 林 檎
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37) 群 (30)
Final (韻) 侵 (139) 侵 (140)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 力尋切 巨金切
Baxter lim gim
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/liɪm/ /ɡˠiɪm/
Pan
Wuyun 		/lim/ /ɡᵚim/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ljem/ /ɡiem/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lim/ /gjim/
Li
Rong 		/liəm/ /ɡjəm/
Wang
Li 		/lĭĕm/ /ɡĭĕm/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/li̯əm/ /gi̯əm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		lín qín
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		lam4 kam4

Noun[edit]

林檎

  1. Chinese pearleaf crabapple (Malus asiatica)
  2. wedding gift
  3. (Teochew, Zhao'an and Singapore Hokkien) sugar apple
Synonyms[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 花紅 (“Chinese pearleaf crabapple”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 花紅, 林檎, 沙果
Mandarin Beijing 沙果兒
Harbin 沙果兒
Yantai (Muping) 海棠果兒
Luoyang 花紅, 沙果兒
Wanrong 沙果
Xi'an 沙果兒
Yinchuan 大果子
Lanzhou 沙果子
Xining 沙果, 果子
Ürümqi 沙果兒
Chengdu 花紅
Guiyang 花紅
Liuzhou 花紅果
Xuzhou 沙果
Yangzhou 花紅, 小蘋果
Nanjing 花紅
Gan Nanchang 沙果
Lichuan 沙果, 花紅
Huizhou Jixi 花紅
Jin Xinzhou 果子
Northern Min Jian'ou 蜜林檎
Southern Min Xiamen 染霧
Quanzhou 染霧
Zhangzhou 染霧
Wu Shanghai 花紅
Suzhou 花紅
Danyang 花紅
Ningbo 花紅
Jinhua 花紅
Xiang Changsha 花紅
Dialectal synonyms of 番荔枝 (“sugar apple”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Taxonomic name 番荔枝
Mandarin Taiwan 釋迦, 釋迦果
Singapore 釋迦
Cantonese Guangzhou 番荔枝, 番鬼荔枝, 番鬼佬荔枝
Hong Kong 番荔枝, 番鬼荔枝, 番鬼佬荔枝, 番枝
Dongguan 番鬼荔枝
Hakka Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 番鬼荔枝
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 釋迦
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 釋迦, 沙梨
Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) 釋迦
Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) 牛心梨, 柅仔
Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) 釋迦
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 佛果, 釋迦
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 釋迦
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 佛果, 釋迦
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 釋迦
Southern Min Xiamen 番仔荔枝, 釋迦
Zhangzhou 番仔荔枝, 釋迦
Zhao'an 林檎
Taipei 釋迦
New Taipei (Sanxia) 釋迦
Kaohsiung 釋迦
Yilan 釋迦
Changhua (Lukang) 釋迦
Taichung 釋迦
Tainan 釋迦
Hsinchu 釋迦
Kinmen 釋迦
Penghu (Magong) 釋迦
Penang (Hokkien) nona
Singapore (Hokkien) 林檎
Manila (Hokkien) 釋迦
Chaozhou 林檎
Raoping 林檎
Shantou 林檎
Shantou (Chenghai) 林檎
Nan'ao (Houzhai) 林檎
Nan'ao (Yun'ao) 林檎
Singapore (Teochew) 林檎
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
Sino-Xenic (林檎):
  • → Korean: 임금(林檎) (imgeum)

Other:

Etymology 2[edit]

Borrowed from Japanese 林檎 (ringo), from Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: lin-kó, lin-ngò - from Japanese pronunciation.
Note: lìn-gò͘ - from Japanese pronunciation.

Noun[edit]

林檎

  1. (Taiwanese Hokkien and Hakka) apple
Synonyms[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 蘋果 (“apple”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 蘋果
Taxonomic name 蘋果
Mandarin Beijing 蘋果
Taiwan 蘋果
Tianjin 蘋果
Chengde 蘋果
Tangshan 蘋果
Cangzhou 蘋果
Baoding 蘋果
Shijiazhuang 蘋果
Chifeng 蘋果
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 蘋果
Heihe 蘋果
Qiqihar 蘋果
Harbin 蘋果
Jiamusi 蘋果
Baicheng 蘋果
Changchun 蘋果
Tonghua 蘋果
Shenyang 蘋果
Dandong 蘋果
Jinzhou 蘋果
Dalian 蘋果
Yantai 蘋果
Yantai (Muping) 蘋果
Qingdao 蘋果
Lijin 蘋果
Zhucheng 蘋果
Jinan 蘋果
Luoyang 蘋果
Wanrong 蘋果
Shangqiu 蘋果
Yuanyang 蘋果
Zhengzhou 蘋果
Lingbao 蘋果
Xinyang 蘋果
Baihe 蘋果
Hanzhong 蘋果
Xi'an 蘋果
Dingbian 蘋果, 果子
Baoji 蘋果
Yinchuan 蘋果
Tianshui 蘋果
Lanzhou 蘋果
Dunhuang 蘋果
Xining 蘋果
Hami 蘋果
Ürümqi 蘋果, 果子
Wuhan 蘋果
Yichang 蘋果
Xiangyang 蘋果
Tianmen 蘋果
Hong'an 蘋果
Chengdu 蘋果
Nanchong 蘋果
Dazhou 蘋果
Hanyuan 蘋果
Xichang 蘋果
Zigong 蘋果
Chongqing 蘋果
Guiyang 蘋果
Zunyi 蘋果
Bijie 蘋果
Liping 蘋果
Zhaotong 蘋果
Dali 蘋果
Kunming 蘋果
Mengzi 蘋果
Guilin 蘋果
Liuzhou 蘋果
Jishou 蘋果
Changde 蘋果
Anqing 蘋果
Xuzhou 蘋果
Fuyang 蘋果
Wuhu 蘋果
Yangzhou 蘋果
Lianyungang 蘋果
Lianshui 蘋果
Nanjing 蘋果
Hefei 蘋果
Nantong 蘋果
Malaysia 蘋果
Singapore 蘋果
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 果子
Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) 果子
Dagudi (Maliba) 蘋果
Reshuitang (Longling) 蘋果
Mae Salong (Lancang) 蘋果
Mae Sai (Tengchong) 蘋果
Pematangsiantar 蘋果
Cantonese Guangzhou 蘋果
Hong Kong 蘋果
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 蘋果
Macau 蘋果
Guangzhou (Panyu) 蘋果
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 蘋果
Guangzhou (Conghua) 蘋果
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 蘋果
Foshan 蘋果
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 蘋果
Foshan (Shunde) 蘋果
Foshan (Sanshui) 蘋果
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 蘋果
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 蘋果
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 蘋果
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 蘋果
Zhuhai (Doumen) 蘋果
Jiangmen (Baisha) 蘋果
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 蘋果
Taishan 蘋果
Kaiping (Chikan) 蘋果
Enping (Niujiang) 蘋果
Heshan (Yayao) 蘋果
Dongguan 蘋果
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 蘋果
Baise 蘋果
Penang (Guangfu) 蘋果
Singapore (Guangfu) 蘋果
Gan Nanchang 蘋果
Pengze 蘋果
Lichuan 蘋果
Pingxiang 蘋果
Hakka Meixian 蘋果
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 蘋果
Dongguan (Qingxi) 蘋果
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 蘋果
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 蘋果
Conghua (Lütian) 蘋果
Yudu 蘋果
Ruijin 蘋果
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 林檎
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 林檎
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 林檎
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 林檎, 蘋果
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 林檎
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 蘋果, 林檎
Hong Kong 蘋果
Huizhou Jixi 蘋果
Shexian 蘋果
Jin Taiyuan 蘋果
Yangyuan 蘋果
Datong 蘋果
Xinzhou 蘋果
Lishi 蘋果
Linfen 蘋果
Changzhi 蘋果
Linhe 蘋果
Jining 蘋果
Hohhot 蘋果
Erenhot 蘋果
Pingshan 蘋果
Zhangjiakou 蘋果
Handan 蘋果
Linzhou 蘋果
Suide 蘋果
Northern Min Jian'ou 蘋果
Eastern Min Fuzhou 蘋果
Southern Min Xiamen 蘋果
Quanzhou 蘋果
Zhangzhou 蘋果
Zhangpu 蘋果
Zhao'an 蘋果
Taipei 瓜果
New Taipei (Tamsui) 蘋果
New Taipei (Sanxia) 瓜果
New Taipei (Pingxi) 林檎
Kaohsiung 蘋果, 林檎
Kaohsiung (Cijin) 蘋果, 林檎
Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) 蘋果, 林檎
Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) 蘋果, 林檎
Kaohsiung (Tianliao) 蘋果, 林檎
Yilan 林檎, 蘋果
Yilan (Toucheng) 蘋果, 林檎
Changhua (Lukang) 蘋果
Taichung 林檎, 蘋果
Tainan 林檎, 蘋果
Tainan (Anping) 蘋果
Hsinchu 林檎
Kinmen 蘋果
Penghu (Magong) 蘋果, 林檎
Penghu (Xiyu) 蘋果
Penang (Hokkien) 蘋果
Singapore (Hokkien) 蘋果
Manila (Hokkien) 蘋果
Raoping 蘋果
Singapore (Teochew) 蘋果
Haikou 蘋果
Puxian Min Xianyou 蘋果
Central Min Yanping (Wangtai) 蘋果
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 蘋果
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 蘋果
Wu Shanghai 蘋果
Shanghai (Chongming) 蘋果
Suzhou 蘋果
Danyang 蘋果
Hangzhou 蘋果
Ningbo 蘋果
Wenzhou 蘋果
Jinhua 蘋果
Xiang Changsha 蘋果
Loudi 蘋果

Japanese[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
林 檎
りん
Grade: 1 		ご
Jinmeiyō
on’yomi kan’yōon
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林檎 (ringo)

/rimʉɡomʉ/ → /riŋɡõː/ → /riŋɡo/

From Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim).

Originally referred to the Chinese pearleaf crabapple (Malus asiatica) imported from China, it has expanded to mean any apple of the Malus genus.

First cited in 918 in the 本草和名 (Honzō Wamyō, “Japanese names for medicinal plants”).[1]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

林(りん)檎(ご) or 林檎(リンゴ) • (ringo) 

  1. [from 918] an apple
    りんごの鮮(せん)度(ど)の見(み)分(わ)け方(かた)
    ringo no sendo no miwake-kata
    how to tell whether an apple is fresh
  2. (slang) the company Apple Inc. or its products
    よく林(りん)檎(ご)の審(しん)査(さ)通(とお)ったなこれ。
    Yoku ringo no shinsa tōtta na kore.
    I can't believe this has passed Apple's censorship.
Usage notes[edit]

Can refer to either the fruit or the tree. As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as リンゴ.

Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
Descendants[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
林 檎
りん > りゅう
Grade: 1 		ごん > ごう
Jinmeiyō
irregular

/rimʉɡomʉ/ → /riũɡoũ/ → /rʲuːɡoː/

A variant shift from Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim). The shift in reading was due to an orthographic inconsistency in spelling the nasalized mora marked as ん (n) in modern Japanese.[1] In ancient texts, this kana did not yet exist, and the sound was often spelled using the む (mu) kana, which in certain terms shifted to, and may have been spelled as, う (u).

Appears in the 和名類聚抄 (Wamyō Ruijushō) of c. 938 CE.[1]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): [ɾʲɨᵝːɡo̞ː]

Noun[edit]

林(りゅう)檎(ごう) • (ryūgō) ←りうごう (riugou)?

  1. [938–???] (rare, obsolete) an apple

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
林 檎
りん
Grade: 1 		きん > き
Jinmeiyō
on’yomi kan’on

/rimʉkimʉ/ → */rinkiɴ/ → /rinki/

Another variant shift from Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim).

Appears in the 色葉字類抄 (Iroha Jiruishō) of 1181.[1]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

林(りん)檎(き) • (rinki) 

  1. [1138–????] (rare, obsolete) an apple

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Hanja in this term
林檎

Noun[edit]

林檎 • (imgeum) (hangeul 임금)

  1. Hanja form? of 임금 (“crab apple”).
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