奉還

Chinese

		to receive (from superior); to offer; to revere	pay back; return; also pay back; return; also; in addition; more; still; else; yet; (not) yet
trad. (奉還)		奉	還
simp. (奉还)		奉	还

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): fènghuán

  (Zhuyin): ㄈㄥˋ ㄏㄨㄢˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): fung⁶ waan⁴
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hǒng-hoân / hōng-hoân

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: fènghuán
    • Zhuyin: ㄈㄥˋ ㄏㄨㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: fònghuán
    • Wade–Giles: fêng⁴-huan²
    • Yale: fèng-hwán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fenqhwan
    • Palladius: фэнхуань (fɛnxuanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɤŋ⁵¹ xu̯än³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: fung⁶ waan⁴
    • Yale: fuhng wàahn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: fung⁶ waan⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: fung⁶ wan⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fʊŋ²² waːn²¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǒng-hoân
    • Tâi-lô: hǒng-huân
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ²² huan²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hōng-hoân
    • Tâi-lô: hōng-huân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoxnghoaan
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ huan²³/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ huan²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ huan²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ huan¹³/

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• Middle Chinese: bjowngX hwaen

Rime
Character	奉	還
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Initial (聲)	並 (3)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)	刪 (70)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	扶隴切	戸關切
Baxter	bjowngX	hwaen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/bɨoŋX/	/ɦˠuan/
Pan Wuyun	/bioŋX/	/ɦʷᵚan/
Shao Rongfen	/bioŋX/	/ɣuɐn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/buawŋX/	/ɦwaɨn/
Li Rong	/bioŋX/	/ɣuan/
Wang Li	/bĭwoŋX/	/ɣwan/
Bernhard Karlgren	/bʱi̯woŋX/	/ɣwan/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fèng	huán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fung6	waan4

Verb

奉還

1. (polite) to return (something) with thanks

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (奉還):

• → Japanese: 奉還(ほうかん) (hōkan)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
奉	還
ほう Grade: S	かん Grade: S
on'yomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ほーかん [hòókáń] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ho̞ːkã̠ɴ]

Noun

奉(ほう)還(かん) • (hōkan) 

1. (humble) restoration

Verb

奉(ほう)還(かん)する • (hōkan suru) suru (stem 奉(ほう)還(かん)し (hōkan shi), past 奉(ほう)還(かん)した (hōkan shita))

1. (humble) to return (something)

Conjugation

Conjugation of "奉還する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	奉還し	ほうかんし	hōkan shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	奉還し	ほうかんし	hōkan shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	奉還する	ほうかんする	hōkan suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	奉還する	ほうかんする	hōkan suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	奉還すれ	ほうかんすれ	hōkan sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	奉還せよ¹ 奉還しろ²	ほうかんせよ¹ ほうかんしろ²	hōkan seyo¹ hōkan shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	奉還される	ほうかんされる	hōkan sareru
Causative	奉還させる 奉還さす	ほうかんさせる ほうかんさす	hōkan saseru hōkan sasu
Potential	奉還できる	ほうかんできる	hōkan dekiru
Volitional	奉還しよう	ほうかんしよう	hōkan shiyō
Negative	奉還しない	ほうかんしない	hōkan shinai
Negative continuative	奉還せず	ほうかんせず	hōkan sezu
Formal	奉還します	ほうかんします	hōkan shimasu
Perfective	奉還した	ほうかんした	hōkan shita
Conjunctive	奉還して	ほうかんして	hōkan shite
Hypothetical conditional	奉還すれば	ほうかんすれば	hōkan sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

• “奉還”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026