化

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化 U+5316, 化
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5316
← 匕
[U+5315] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 北 →
[U+5317]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
4 strokes

Han character[edit]

化 (Kangxi radical 21, 匕+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 人心 (OP), four-corner 24210, composition ⿰亻𠤎(GV) or ⿰亻匕(HTJK))

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 152, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2572
  • Dae Jaweon: page 342, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 109, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5316

Chinese[edit]

trad. 化
simp. # 化
alternative forms 㐶

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 化
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (化) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
訛 *ŋʷaːl
吪 *ŋʷaːl
鈋 *ŋʷaːl
囮 *lu, *ŋʷaːl
魤 *ŋʷaːl
靴 *hʷa
貨 *hŋʷaːls
花 *hʷraː
化 *hŋʷraːls
杹 *hŋʷraːls
匕 *pilʔ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) of two 人 (“person”), one upright (亻) and one upside down (𠤎) — reversal; change. Shuowen also considers 𠤎 to be a phonetic component.

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • hòa - literary;
  • hòe - vernacular;
  • òa - to cause to ferment.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 化
    Mandarin Beijing /xua⁵¹/
    Harbin /xua⁵³/
    Tianjin /xuɑ⁵³/
    Jinan /xua²¹/
    Qingdao /xua⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /xua³¹²/
    Xi'an /xua⁴⁴/
    Xining /xua²¹³/
    Yinchuan /xua¹³/
    Lanzhou /xua¹³/
    Ürümqi /xua²¹³/
    Wuhan /xua³⁵/
    Chengdu /xua¹³/
    Guiyang /xua²¹³/
    Kunming /xua̠²¹²/
    Nanjing /xuɑ⁴⁴/
    Hefei /xua⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /xua⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /xuɑ³⁵/
    Hohhot /xua⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /ho³⁵/
    /hua³⁵/
    Suzhou /ho⁵¹³/
    Hangzhou /huɑ⁴⁴⁵/
    Wenzhou /ho⁴²/
    Hui Shexian /xua³²⁴/
    Tunxi /xuːə⁴²/
    Xiang Changsha /fa⁵⁵/
    Xiangtan /xuɒ⁵⁵/
    Gan Nanchang /fɑ⁴⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /fa⁵³/
    Taoyuan /fɑ⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /fa³³/
    Nanning /fa³³/
    Hong Kong /fa³³/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /hua²¹/
    /hue²¹/
    /ua²¹/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /huɑ²¹²/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /xua³³/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /hue²¹³/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /hua³⁵/
    /hue³⁵/
    Rime
    Character 化
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 曉 (32)
    Final (韻) 麻 (99)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 呼霸切
    Baxter xwaeH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/hˠuaH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/hʷᵚaH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/xuaH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/hwaɨH/
    Li
    Rong         		/xuaH/
    Wang
    Li         		/xwaH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/xwaH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		huà
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		faa3
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 化
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		huà
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ xwæH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*qʷʰˁ<r>aj-s/
    English transform

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 化
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 5327
    Phonetic
    component         		化
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		化
    Old
    Chinese         		/*hŋʷraːls/

    Definitions[edit]

    化

    1. to change; to transform
    2. to become; to turn into
    3. † to die
    4. to melt
      把雪化掉  ―  bǎ xuě huàdiào  ―  make snow melt
    5. to dissolve
    6. Suffix denoting "change into ...". Akin to English -ize and -ization.
      民主化  ―  mínzhǔhuà  ―  democratize
    7. (chemistry) Affix denoting combination.
      氧化鈣／氧化钙  ―  yǎnghuàgài  ―  calcium oxide
      氫氧化鈉／氢氧化钠  ―  qīngyǎnghuànà  ―  sodium hydroxide
    8. Short for 教化 (jiàohuà, “enlightenment; cultivation”).
    9. (in compounds) Short for 化學／化学 (huàxué, “chemistry”).
      日化  ―  rìhuà  ―  household chemicals
      化工  ―  huàgōng  ―  chemical industry
    10. to burn (clarification of this definition is needed)
      化寶／化宝  ―  huàbǎo  ―  to burn offerings
    11. (Cantonese) open-minded; enlightened
      睇化 [Cantonese]  ―  tai2 faa3 [Jyutping]  ―  to see things in an open-minded manner
      教極都唔化／教极都唔化 [Cantonese]  ―  gaau3 gik6 dou1 m4 faa3 [Jyutping]  ―  to teach someone repeatedly but still does not become enlightened

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (化):
    • → Japanese: 化(け) (ke); 化(か) (ka)
    • → Korean: 화(化) (hwa)
    • → Vietnamese: hoá (化)

    Etymology 2[edit]

    For pronunciation and definitions of 化 – see 花 (“flower; blossom; florid; flowery; etc.”).
    (This character, 化, is a variant form of 花.)

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 3[edit]

    For pronunciation and definitions of 化 – see 貨 (“money and goods; property; goods; commodities; products; etc.”).
    (This character, 化, is a variant form of 貨.)

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    化

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    化
    か
    Grade: 3
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 化 (MC xwaeH).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Affix[edit]

    化(か) • (ka) ←くわ (kwa)?

    1. to change; to take the form of
    2. to influence

    Suffix[edit]

    化(か) • (-ka) ←くわ (kwa)?

    1. -ization, -ification; action of making something that way

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 化 (MC xwaeH).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 황〮 (Yale: hwá)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] 도욀 (Yale: twòwòyl) 화〯 (Yale: hwǎ)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɸwa̠(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [화(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    化 (eumhun 될 화 (doel hwa))

    1. Hanja form? of 화 (“to be; to become”). [affix]
    2. Hanja form? of 화 (“-ization; -ification”). [suffix]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    chữ Hán Nôm in this term
    化

    Han character[edit]

    化: Hán Việt readings: hóa/hoá[1][2][3], góa/goá[1]
    化: Nôm readings: Huế[1]

    1. chữ Hán form of hoá (“to transform; to change into; to become”).
    2. Nôm form of Huế (“Huế City”).

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ^ Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ^ Trần (2004).
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