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化

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
化 U+5316, 化
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5316
← 匕
[U+5315] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 北 →
[U+5317]

Translingual

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Stroke order
4 strokes

Han character

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化 (Kangxi radical 21, 匕+2, 4 strokes, Cangjie input 人心 (OP), four-corner 24210, composition ⿰亻𠤎(GV) or ⿰亻匕(HTJK))

Derived characters

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Additional derived characters

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 152, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2572
  • Dae Jaweon: page 342, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 109, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5316

Chinese

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trad. 化
simp. # 化
alternative forms 㐶
𠏁

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 化
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (化) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
訛 *ŋʷaːl
吪 *ŋʷaːl
鈋 *ŋʷaːl
囮 *lu, *ŋʷaːl
魤 *ŋʷaːl
靴 *hʷa
貨 *hŋʷaːls
花 *hʷraː
化 *hŋʷraːls
杹 *hŋʷraːls
匕 *pilʔ

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) of two 人 (“person”), one upright (亻) and one upside down (𠤎) — reversal; change. Shuowen also considers 𠤎 to be a phonetic component.

Compare 并, 比, 卬, 尼 and 北.

Etymology 1

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A possible derived term is 瓦 (OC *ŋʷraːlʔ, *ŋʷraːls, “earthenware, tile”), by eliminating causative devoicing and adding an endoactive rising tone (上聲), thus literally “that which has transformed (through fire)”. Also related to 貨 (OC *hŋʷaːls, “property, goods”), 吪 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “move, act”), and perhaps 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “false”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • hòa - literary (generally used);
  • hòe - vernacular (used in the place name 德化 (Tek-hòe) and as a variant in 化緣 / 化缘 (hòe-iân)).
Note:
  • 5ho/5huo - vernacular;
  • 5hua/5fa - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 化
Mandarin Beijing /xua⁵¹/
Harbin /xua⁵³/
Tianjin /xuɑ⁵³/
Jinan /xua²¹/
Qingdao /xua⁴²/
Zhengzhou /xua³¹²/
Xi'an /xua⁴⁴/
Xining /xua²¹³/
Yinchuan /xua¹³/
Lanzhou /xua¹³/
Ürümqi /xua²¹³/
Wuhan /xua³⁵/
Chengdu /xua¹³/
Guiyang /xua²¹³/
Kunming /xua̠²¹²/
Nanjing /xuɑ⁴⁴/
Hefei /xua⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /xua⁴⁵/
Pingyao /xuɑ³⁵/
Hohhot /xua⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ho³⁵/
/hua³⁵/
Suzhou /ho⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /huɑ⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /ho⁴²/
Hui Shexian /xua³²⁴/
Tunxi /xuːə⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /fa⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /xuɒ⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /fɑ⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /fa⁵³/
Taoyuan /fɑ⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /fa³³/
Nanning /fa³³/
Hong Kong /fa³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hua²¹/
/hue²¹/
/ua²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /huɑ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xua³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /hue²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hua³⁵/
/hue³⁵/
Rime
Character 化
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 曉 (32)
Final (韻) 麻 (99)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) II
Fanqie 呼霸切
Baxter xwaeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/hˠuaH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/hʷᵚaH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/xuaH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/hwaɨH/
Li
Rong 		/xuaH/
Wang
Li 		/xwaH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/xwaH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		huà
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		faa3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 化
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		huà
Middle
Chinese 		‹ xwæH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*qʷʰˁ<r>aj-s/
English transform

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 化
Reading # 1/1
No. 5327
Phonetic
component 		化
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		化
Old
Chinese 		/*hŋʷraːls/

Definitions

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化

  1. to change; to transform
  2. to become; to turn into
  3. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to die
  4. to melt
    把雪化掉  ―  bǎ xuě huàdiào  ―  make snow melt
  5. to dissolve
  6. Suffix denoting "change into ...". Akin to English -ize and -ization.
    民主化  ―  mínzhǔhuà  ―  democratize
    物化  ―  wùhuà  ―  objectify
  7. (chemistry) Affix denoting combination.
    氧化鈣／氧化钙  ―  yǎnghuàgài  ―  calcium oxide
    氫氧化鈉／氢氧化钠  ―  qīngyǎnghuànà  ―  sodium hydroxide
  8. short for 教化 (jiàohuà, “enlightenment; cultivation”)
  9. (in compounds) short for 化學／化学 (huàxué, “chemistry”)
    日化  ―  rìhuà  ―  household chemicals
    化工  ―  huàgōng  ―  chemical industry
  10. to burn (clarification of this definition is needed)
    化寶／化宝  ―  huàbǎo  ―  to burn offerings
  11. (Cantonese) open-minded; enlightened: accept the change
    睇化 [Cantonese]  ―  tai2 faa3 [Jyutping]  ―  to see things in an open-minded manner
    教極都唔化／教极都唔化 [Cantonese]  ―  gaau3 gik6 dou1 m4 faa3 [Jyutping]  ―  He don’t accept to change his habit even after being taught many times

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (化):
  • → Japanese: 化(け) (ke); 化(か) (ka)
  • → Korean: 화(化) (hwa)
  • → Vietnamese: hoá (化)

Etymology 2

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trad. 化
simp. # 化
alternative forms 窪／洼
發／发 (to ferment)

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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化 (Hokkien)

  1. to ferment; to brew; to dissolve
    化醬清／化酱清  ―  òa chiùⁿ-chheng  ―  to ferment soybeans and extract soy sauce
    化灰  ―  òa-he  ―  to slake lime
  2. (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to soak
    化田  ―  òa-chhân  ―  to soak paddy field with water

Etymology 3

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Pronunciation

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Definitions

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化 (Hokkien)

  1. alternative form of 灰 (hoa, “to extinguish”)

Etymology 4

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For pronunciation and definitions of 化 – see 花 (“flower; blossom; florid; flowery; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 花).

Compounds

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Etymology 5

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For pronunciation and definitions of 化 – see 貨 (“money and goods; property; goods; commodities; products; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 貨).

Japanese

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Kanji

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化

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
化
か
Grade: 3
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 化 (MC xwaeH).

Pronunciation

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Affix

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化(か) • (ka) ←くわ (kwa)?

  1. to change; to take the form of
  2. to influence

Suffix

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化(か) • (-ka) ←くわ (-kwa)?

  1. ‐ization, ‐ification; action of making something that way

Usage notes

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  • When acting as a productive suffix attached to an independent noun, -化 generally acts as a deaccenting suffix. The resulting derived term will typically have a flat (平板 (heiban)) pitch accent, regardless of the accentuation of the base noun. For example, adding it to the accented noun グローバル (gurōbaru) (accent type 2) yields the unaccented compound グローバル化 (gurōbaruka).
  • In two‐kanji Sino‐Japanese compounds (二字熟語 (nijijukugo)), the accentuation depends on morphological transparency and historical origin:
    • Transparent derivations and systematic Meiji‐era technical coinages (where the first kanji acts as a distinct base, such as in chemistry) are treated as suffixed words and take a flat accent (e.g., 塩化 (enka), 悪化 (akka)).
    • Older or conceptually fused compounds where it pairs with a bound kanji root are treated as single lexicalized units. These typically default to a head‐high (頭高型 (atamadaka‐gata)) accent (e.g. 進化 (shinka), 美化 (bika)).
  • Due to the strong productivity of this suffix, many traditionally head‐high compounds are currently undergoing a historical accent shift (平板化 (heibanka, “flattening”)) and are increasingly pronounced with a flat accent by modern speakers (e.g. 激化 (gekika), 強化 (kyōka)).

Derived terms

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References

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  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 化 (MC xwaeH).

Historical readings
Dongguk Jeongun reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 황〮 (Yale: hwá)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] 도욀 (Yale: twòwòyl) 화〯 (Yale: hwǎ)

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɸwa̠(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [화(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

化 (eumhun 될 화 (doel hwa))

  1. hanja form? of 화 (“to be; to become”) [affix]
  2. hanja form? of 화 (“-ization; -ification”) [suffix]

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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chữ Hán Nôm in this term
化

Han character

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化: Hán Việt readings: hóa/hoá[1][2][3], góa/goá[1]
化: Nôm readings: Huế[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of hoá (“to transform; to change into; to become”)
  2. chữ Nôm form of Huế (“Huế City”)

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ^ Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ^ Trần (2004).
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