靴

靴 U+9774, 靴 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9774 ← 靳 [U+9773] CJK Unified Ideographs 靵 → [U+9775]

Translingual

Han character

靴 (Kangxi radical 177, 革+4, 13 strokes, Cangjie input 廿十人心 (TJOP), four-corner 4451₀, composition ⿰革化)

Derived characters

• 㗾, 𢶤, 𬩑, 𫫸, 𬆌

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1385, character 19
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42729
• Dae Jaweon: page 1900, character 10
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4327, character 21
• Unihan data for U+9774

Chinese

trad.		靴
simp. #		靴
2nd round simp.		𰆳
alternative forms		鞾／靴 𩎁 韡／𮧵 𩍇 𡲲 鞾／靴 𩎁 韡／𮧵 𩍇 𡲲 㞜 𩋖 𩋾 𩍍

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (化) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
訛	*ŋʷaːl
吪	*ŋʷaːl
鈋	*ŋʷaːl
囮	*lu, *ŋʷaːl
魤	*ŋʷaːl
靴	*hʷa
貨	*hŋʷaːls
花	*hʷraː
化	*hŋʷraːls
杹	*hŋʷraːls
匕	*pilʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *hʷa): semantic 革 (“leather”) + phonetic 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): xuē (xue¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄝ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xue¹

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hoe¹

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): hie¹

• Gan (Wiktionary): xye¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): hiô

  (Hailu, HRS): hio^ˋ

  (Meixian, Guangdong): hio¹

• Jin (Wiktionary): xye¹
• Northern Min (KCR): hió̤
• Eastern Min (BUC): kuŏ
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hyor¹ / hoe¹ / hua¹ / hya¹ / hia¹
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hia / hio

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hia¹

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹shio; ¹shioe
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xya¹ / xye¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xuē
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄝ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: syue
    • Wade–Giles: hsüeh¹
    • Yale: sywē
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiue
    • Palladius: сюэ (sjue)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕy̯ɛ⁵⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: xue¹
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xye
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕye⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: hoe¹
    • Yale: hēu
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hoe¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: hê¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hœː⁵⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: hie¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hiɛ³³/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: xye¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕye⁴²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hiô
    • Hakka Romanization System: hio^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: hio¹
    • Sinological IPA: /hi̯o²⁴/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: hio^ˋ
    • Sinological IPA: /hio⁵³/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: hio¹
    • Sinological IPA: /hio⁴⁴/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: xye¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕye¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hió̤
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xiɔ⁵⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kuŏ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuo⁵⁵/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: hyor¹
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hio̤
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hyɒ⁵³³/
  • (Jiangkou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: hoe¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hœ⁵³³/
  • (Nanri)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: hua¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hua⁵³³/
  • (Xianyou, Youyang)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: hya¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hya⁵⁴⁴/
  • (Donghai)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: hia¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hia⁵³³/
  • (Fengting)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: hia¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hia⁵⁴⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hia
    • Tâi-lô: hia
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hiaf
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /hia³³/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hia⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hio
    • Tâi-lô: hio
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hioy
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /hio³³/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hio⁴⁴/

Note:

• hia - vernacular;
• hio - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: hia¹
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hia
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hia³³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹shio; ¹shioe
    • MiniDict: shio^平; shioe^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹xio; ¹xyoe
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕio⁵³/, /ɕyø⁵³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: xya¹ / xye¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕy̯a̠³³/, /ɕy̯e̞³³/

Note:

• xya1 - vernacular;
• xye1 - literary.

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 靴
Mandarin	Beijing	/ɕyɛ⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/ɕyɛ⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/ɕye²¹/
	Jinan	/ɕyə²¹³/
	Qingdao	/ɕyə⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/ɕyɛ²⁴/
	Xi'an	/ɕyɛ²¹/
	Xining	/ɕyu⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ɕye⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/ɕyə³¹/
	Ürümqi	/ɕyɤ⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/ɕye⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/ɕye⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/ɕie⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/ɕiɛ⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/ɕye³¹/
	Hefei	/sz̩ʷ²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ɕye¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ɕye̞¹³/
	Hohhot	/ɕye³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɕyø⁵³/
	Suzhou	/ɕio⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/sz̩ʷ³³/
	Wenzhou	/ɕy³³/
Hui	Shexian	/ɕya³¹/
	Tunxi	/ɕyɛ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ɕye³³/ /ɕya³³/
	Xiangtan	/ɕyɒ³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/ɕye⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/hio⁴⁴/
	Taoyuan	/hio²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hœ⁵³/
	Nanning	/hœ⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/hœ⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/hia⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kʰuo⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/xiɔ⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/hia³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/xue²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: xjwa

Rime
Character	靴
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	戈 (97)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	許𦚢切
Baxter	xjwa
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hɨuɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/hʷiɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/xiuɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hua/
Li Rong	/xiuɑ/
Wang Li	/xĭuɑ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/xi̯wɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xuē
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoe1

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*hʷa/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	靴
Reading #	1/1
No.	5324
Phonetic component	化
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	鞾
Old Chinese	/*hʷa/
Notes	同鞾

Definitions

靴

1. boot (footwear)

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 靴子 (“boot”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		靴
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		靴子
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	靴子
	Taiwan	靴子
	Singapore	靴子
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	靴子
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	靴仔
	Wanrong	靴子
	Xi'an	靴子
	Xining	靴子
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	靴子
	Lanzhou	靴子
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	靴子
	Wuhan	靴子
	Guilin	靴子
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	靴子
	Hefei	深筒鞋, 深筒靴
Cantonese	Guangzhou	靴
	Hong Kong	靴
	Dongguan	靴
	Yangjiang	靴
Gan	Nanchang	靴子
	Lichuan	靴仔
Hakka	Meixian	靴仔
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	靴仔
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	靴仔
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	靴仔
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	靴
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	靴仔
Huizhou	Jixi	靴
Jin	Taiyuan	靴子
	Xinzhou	靴兒子
Northern Min	Jian'ou	靴
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	靴
Southern Min	Xiamen	靴
	Tainan	靴
	Chaozhou	靴
Waxiang	Guzhang (Gaofeng)	靴
Wu	Shanghai	靴
	Suzhou	靴
	Danyang	靴
	Wenzhou	靴
Xiang	Changsha	靴子
	Shuangfeng	靴子

Trivia

This is one of the few characters with a -üe final in Mandarin that did not have an entering tone in Middle Chinese.

Compounds

• 亂穿靴 / 乱穿靴
• 倒脫靴 / 倒脱靴
• 內城京靴 / 内城京靴
• 六合靴
• 割靴子
• 割靴腰子
• 吉莫靴
• 同靴
• 宮靴 / 宫靴
• 弓靴
• 戰靴 / 战靴 (zhànxuē)
• 探空靴
• 捧靴
• 掛靴 / 挂靴 (guàxuē)
• 暖靴
• 暐靴 / 𬀩靴
• 朝靴
• 檀木靴
• 油靴
• 烏靴 / 乌靴
• 皂靴 (zàoxuē)
• 皮靴 (píxuē)
• 皮靴頁兒 / 皮靴页儿
• 破靴陣 / 破靴阵
• 破靴黨 / 破靴党
• 穿靴戴帽
• 線靴 / 线靴
• 脫靴 / 脱靴
• 舞靴
• 蠻靴 / 蛮靴
• 袍靴
• 褲靴 / 裤靴
• 豪豬靴 / 豪猪靴
• 釘靴 / 钉靴
• 錦靴 / 锦靴
• 隔靴抓痒
• 隔靴抓癢 / 隔靴抓痒
• 隔靴搔癢 / 隔靴搔痒 (géxuēsāoyǎng)
• 隔靴爬痒
• 雨靴 (yǔxuē)
• 革靴
• 靴兄弟
• 靴刀
• 靴刀誓死
• 靴匠 (xuējiàng)
• 靴城
• 靴子 (xuēzi)
• 靴屋
• 靴履
• 靴工
• 靴帕
• 靴後跟 / 靴后跟
• 靴扇
• 靴掖
• 靴文
• 靴服
• 靴板
• 靴桶
• 靴皮
• 靴笏
• 靴筒
• 靴筩 / 靴筒
• 靴簡 / 靴简
• 靴紋 / 靴纹
• 靴紋縐面 / 靴纹绉面
• 靴統 / 靴统
• 靴腳 / 靴脚
• 靴腰子
• 靴行
• 靴衫
• 靴袍
• 靴褲 / 靴裤
• 靴雍
• 靴靿
• 靴頁 / 靴页
• 靴鼻
• 鞭靴
• 飛鳳靴 / 飞凤靴
• 馬靴 / 马靴 (mǎxuē)
• 鵠觜靴 / 鹄觜靴
• 鸞靴 / 鸾靴
• 麂靴

References

• “靴”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• (Cantonese) 粵音資料集叢
• 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long]; 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu]; 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying]; 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019), “靴”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 129.
• 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long]; 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu]; 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying]; 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019), “1286 靴子”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 417.

Japanese

Kanji

靴

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: け (ke)
• Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)^{←くわ (kwa, historical)}
• Kun: くつ (kutsu, 靴, Jōyō)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
靴
Grade: S

Alternative spellings
沓 (uncommon) 履 (uncommon) 鞋 (uncommon) 鞾 (uncommon)

⟨kutu⟩: */kutu/ → /kut͡su/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *kutu. Cognate with Yaeyama 草鞋 (futsï), Yonaguni 草鞋 (c'i).

Found in the Man'yōshū poetry compilation, completed circa 759.

Ultimate derivation unclear. Some Japanese sources suggest a borrowing from or cognate with Korean 구두 (gudu, “shoes”), but then some Korean sources suggest that the Korean term was borrowed from Japanese 靴 (kutsu, “shoes”).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) くつ [kùtsúꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
• IPA^(key): [kɯ̟̊t͡sɨ]

• (Kyōto, Ōsaka) く​つ [kúꜜtsù] (Kōki)

Noun

靴(くつ) • (kutsu) 

1. footwear, footgear: a shoe, (a pair of) shoes
   • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 14, poem 3399:
     , text here:

     信濃道者 伊麻能波里美知 可里婆祢尓 安思布麻之<奈牟> 久都波氣和我世

     信(しな)濃(ぬ)道(ぢ)は　今(いま)の墾(は)り道(みち)　刈(か)りばねに　足(あし)踏(ふ)ましなむ　沓(くつ)はけ我(わ)が背(せ)

     shinanuji wa ima no harimichi karibane ni ashi fumashinamu kutsu hake wagase

     the Shinano road has just been opened; wear shoes, my brother / my dear, so you do not step on the brush stubble [in your bare feet]

Synonyms

• シューズ (shūzu)

Derived terms

• 靴(くつ)下(した) (kutsushita): sock
• 靴(くつ)擦(ず)れ (kutsuzure): literally “shoe rubbing”: a blister on one's foot due to ill-fitting shoes
• 長(なが)靴(ぐつ) (nagagutsu): boot

References

• “靴”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[2] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja

靴 • (hwa) (hangeul 화, McCune–Reischauer hwa, Yale hwa)

1. (가죽 신 화, gajuk-sin-): footwear made of leather

Compounds

• 木靴 (목화, mokhwa) The courtesy footwear in the Eastern tradition, as worn by courtiers, somewhat similar to the moccasin made of deerskin.
• 洋靴 (양화, yanghwa) Western shoes, boots
• 運動靴 (운동화, undonghwa) sneakers, trainers, athletic shoes
• 長靴 (장화, janghwa) boots
• 室內靴 (실래화, sillaehwa) slippers

Okinawan

Etymology

Attested in the 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”) as ふや. Cognate with Yaeyama 靴 (fuya); see there for more.

Pronunciation

• (Shuri) IPA^(key): [ɸūjā] (tone class B)

Noun

靴(ふや) (fuya) 

1. shoe

References

• Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo (国立国語研究所) (1963), 沖縄語辞典 (Okinawa-go Jiten) [Dictionary of the Okinawan Language] (in Japanese), Tokyo (東京): Okurashō Insatsu Kyoku (財務省印刷局), page 216

Vietnamese

Han character

靴: Hán Nôm readings: ngoa

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Yaeyama

Etymology

According to Miyagi (2003:967), derived from a Chinese source 靴 (xuē). Compare Xiang reading xya1 ~ xye1.

Alternatively, according to Miyanaga (1930:index p. 95), it is derived from the same source as Japanese 火屋 (hoya, “fireplace”), via "fire" + "building", but this is problematic on semantic grounds.

The Hateruma and Kabira forms are inherited from Proto-Ryukyuan *kutu, from Proto-Japonic *kutu.

Pronunciation

• (Aragusuku) IPA^(key): [fuja]
• (Hateruma) IPA^(key): [ɸu̥t͡ɕi] (tone class BC)
• (Ishigaki-Shika) IPA^(key): [ɸújà] (tone class A)
• (Kabira) IPA^(key): [ɸut͡sɨ]
• (Kohama) IPA^(key): [fuja]
• (Taketomi) IPA^(key): [ɸujə]

Noun

靴(ふや) or 靴(ふつぃ) (fuya or futsï) 

1. shoe, shoes

References

• Maeara, Tōru (前新通) (2011), 竹富方言辞典 [Taketomi Dialect Dictionary], Ishigaki (石垣市): Nanzansha (南山舎), →ISBN, page 1055
• Miyagi, Shin'yū (宮城信勇) (2003), 石垣方言辞典 [Ishigaki Dialect Dictionary], Naha (那覇市): Okinawa Times (沖縄タイムス社), →ISBN, page 967
• Miyanaga, Masamori (宮良当壮) (1930), 八重山語彙 [Vocabulary List of the Yaeyama languages], Tokyo (東京都): Tōyō Bunko (東洋文庫), →DOI, page 235; index p. 95