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急

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
急 U+6025, 急
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6025
← 怤
[U+6024] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 怦 →
[U+6026]

Translingual

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Stroke order
9 strokes

Han character

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急 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 弓一心 (NMP) or 弓尸心 (NSP), four-corner 27337, composition ⿱刍心)

Derived characters

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Additional Derived Characters

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 381, character 21
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10475
  • Dae Jaweon: page 710, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2281, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+6025

Chinese

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trad. 急
simp. # 急
alternative forms 㤂

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 急
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (及) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
趿 *sqʰɯːb
鈒 *sqʰɯːb, *sqʰrɯb
靸 *sqʰɯːb, *sqʰaːb
馺 *sqʰɯːb
砐 *ŋɡɯːb
魥 *ŋɡɯːb, *kʰab
扱 *skʰrɯːb
笈 *skʰrɯːb, *ɡrab, *ɡab, *ɡrɯb
衱 *ɡrab, *kab
极 *ɡrab, *ɡab
昅 *ɡab
雭 *sqʰrɯb
急 *krɯb
級 *krɯb
汲 *krɯb
芨 *krɯb
伋 *krɯb
彶 *krɯb
及 *ɡrɯb
岌 *ŋɡrɯb
吸 *qʰrɯb

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *krɯb): phonetic 及 (OC *ɡrɯb) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

Etymology

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Etymology not clear. Not a variant of 亟 (OC *kɯɡ, “urgent”) (Schuessler, 2007). Old Burmese ခုပ် (hkup, “swift, quick, urgent”) bears a resemblance to the Old Chinese lemma.

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 急
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 緝 (142)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 居立切
Baxter kip
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠiɪp̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚip̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kiep̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kjip̚/
Li
Rong 		/kjəp̚/
Wang
Li 		/kĭĕp̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ki̯əp̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		ji
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gap1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 急
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jí
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kip ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[k](r)əp/
English urgent

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 急
Reading # 1/1
No. 5658
Phonetic
component 		及
Rime
group 		緝
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		急
Old
Chinese 		/*krɯb/

Definitions

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急

  1. rapid; quick
    急病  ―  jíbìng  ―  acute illness
    水流很急  ―  shuǐliú hěn jí  ―  the current is rapid
  2. urgent; pressing; critical
    急事  ―  jíshì  ―  urgent matter
  3. urgency; emergency
    當務之急／当务之急  ―  dāngwùzhījí  ―  pressing matter of the moment
  4. to hurry; to hasten
    唔使急。 [Cantonese]  ―  m4 sai2 gap1. [Jyutping]  ―  There's no need to rush/hurry.
    急住返屋企 [Cantonese]  ―  gap1 zyu6 faan1 uk1 kei2 [Jyutping]  ―  hurrying to get home
    1. (specifically) to need to use the toilet urgently
      急尿 [Cantonese]  ―  gap1 niu6 [Jyutping]  ―  to need to urinate
      我好急啊！ [Cantonese]  ―  ngo5 hou2 gap1 aa3! [Jyutping]  ―  I really need to go to the washroom!
  5. to be eager to help
    急公好義／急公好义  ―  jígōnghàoyì  ―  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  6. irascible; hot-tempered
    急性子  ―  jíxìngzǐ  ―  impatient; impetuous
  7. to get angry; to take offense; to be ruffled
  8. to be anxious; to worry; to be worried

Synonyms

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  • (rapid):
  • (urgent):
  • (to get angry):
  • (to be anxious):

Antonyms

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  • (antonym(s) of “rapid”): 緩／缓 (huǎn)

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Shinjitai 急
Kyūjitai
[1]
急󠄁
急+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
急󠄃
急+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

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急

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Etymology

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Kanji in this term
急
きゅう
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

/kipʉ/ → /kiɸʉ/ → /kiu/ → /kʲɨː/

From Middle Chinese 急 (MC kip).

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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急(きゅう) • (kyū) ←きふ (kifu)?-na (adnominal 急(きゅう)な (kyū na), adverbial 急(きゅう)に (kyū ni))

  1. sudden
  2. immediate, rapid
  3. steep (of large gradient)
    急(きゅう)な坂(さか)を登(のぼ)る ― kyū na saka o noboru ― to go up a steep hill

Inflection

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Inflection of 急
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 急だろ きゅうだろ kyū daro
Continuative (連用形) 急で きゅうで kyū de
Terminal (終止形) 急だ きゅうだ kyū da
Attributive (連体形) 急な きゅうな kyū na
Hypothetical (仮定形) 急なら きゅうなら kyū nara
Imperative (命令形) 急であれ きゅうであれ kyū de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 急ではない
急じゃない 		きゅうではない
きゅうじゃない 		kyū de wa nai
kyū ja nai
Informal past 急だった きゅうだった kyū datta
Informal negative past 急ではなかった
急じゃなかった 		きゅうではなかった
きゅうじゃなかった 		kyū de wa nakatta
kyū ja nakatta
Formal 急です きゅうです kyū desu
Formal negative 急ではありません
急じゃありません 		きゅうではありません
きゅうじゃありません 		kyū de wa arimasen
kyū ja arimasen
Formal past 急でした きゅうでした kyū deshita
Formal negative past 急ではありませんでした
急じゃありませんでした 		きゅうではありませんでした
きゅうじゃありませんでした 		kyū de wa arimasen deshita
kyū ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 急で きゅうで kyū de
Conditional 急なら（ば） きゅうなら（ば） kyū nara (ba)
Provisional 急だったら きゅうだったら kyū dattara
Volitional 急だろう きゅうだろう kyū darō
Adverbial 急に きゅうに kyū ni
Degree 急さ きゅうさ kyūsa
Classical conjugation of "急なり" (ナリ活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 急なら きふなら kifu nara
Continuative (連用形) 急に[1]
急なり[2]		 きふに
きふなり		 kifu ni
kifu nari
Terminal (終止形) 急なり きふなり kifu nari
Attributive (連体形) 急なる きふなる kifu naru
Realis (已然形) 急なれ きふなれ kifu nare
Imperative (命令形) 急なれ きふなれ kifu nare
Key constructions
Negative 急ならず きふならず kifu narazu
Contrasting conjunction 急なれど きふなれど kifu naredo
Causal conjunction 急なれば きふなれば kifu nareba
Conditional conjunction 急ならば きふならば kifu naraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 急なりき きふなりき kifu nariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 急なりけり きふなりけり kifu narikeri
Adverbial 急に きふに kifu ni

[1]Without auxiliary verb.
[2]With auxiliary verb.

References

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  1. ^ “急”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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急 (eumhun 급할 급 (geuphal geup))

  1. hanja form? of 급 (“rapid; sudden”)

Compounds

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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急: Hán Việt readings: cấp[1][2][3][4][5]
急: Nôm readings: gấp[1][2][3][4][5][6][7], kíp[1][2][3][4][5][6][7], quắp[1][2][3][5], kép[1][2]

  1. chữ Hán form of cấp (“synonym of gấp (“urgent; pressing”)”)
  2. chữ Nôm form of gấp (“pressing; urgent; hurry”)
  3. chữ Nôm form of kíp (“(no longer used in isolation) urgent; pressing; hurried”)

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Trần (2004).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Hồ (1976).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Bonet (1899).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Génibrel (1898).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Nguyễn (2014).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
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