不幸

Chinese

		not; no	fortunate; lucky
simp. and trad. (不幸)		不	幸

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): bùxìng

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄨˋ ㄒㄧㄥˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): bat¹ hang⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): put-hen
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): put-hēng / put-hěng

(Teochew, Peng'im): bug⁴ hêng⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bùxìng [Phonetic: búxìng]
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄨˋ ㄒㄧㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: bùsìng
  - Wade–Giles: pu⁴-hsing⁴
  - Yale: bù-syìng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bushinq
  - Palladius: бусин (busin)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: bat¹ hang⁶
  - Yale: bāt hahng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: bat⁷ hang⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: bed¹ heng⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɐt̚⁵ hɐŋ²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: put-hen
  - Hakka Romanization System: bud^ˋ hen
  - Hagfa Pinyim: bud⁵ hen⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /put̚² hen⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: put-hēng
  - Tâi-lô: put-hīng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: putheng
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /put̚⁵⁻²⁴ hiɪŋ⁴¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /put̚³²⁻⁴ hiɪŋ³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /put̚³²⁻⁵ hiɪŋ²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /put̚³²⁻⁴ hiɪŋ²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: put-hěng
  - Tâi-lô: put-hǐng
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /put̚⁵⁻²⁴ hiɪŋ²²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: bug⁴ hêng⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: puk hĕng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /puk̚²⁻⁴ heŋ³⁵/

Middle Chinese: pjuw|pjuwX|pjut heangX

Rime
Character	不	不	不	幸
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3	1/1
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)	幫 (1)	幫 (1)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)	尤 (136)	物 (60)	耕 (117)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)	Checked (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	III	III	II
Fanqie	甫鳩切	方久切	分勿切	胡耿切
Baxter	pjuw	pjuwX	pjut	heangX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pɨu/	/pɨu^X/	/pɨut̚/	/ɦˠɛŋ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/piu/	/piu^X/	/piut̚/	/ɦᵚæŋ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/piəu/	/piəu^X/	/piuət̚/	/ɣɐŋ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/puw/	/puw^X/	/put̚/	/ɦəɨjŋ^X/
Li Rong	/piu/	/piu^X/	/piuət̚/	/ɣɛŋ^X/
Wang Li	/pĭəu/	/pĭəu^X/	/pĭuət̚/	/ɣæŋ^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/pi̯ə̯u/	/pi̯ə̯u^X/	/pi̯uət̚/	/ɣæŋ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fōu	fǒu	fu	hèng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fau¹	fau²	fat¹	hang⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*pə [ɡ]ˤreŋʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*pɯ|pɯʔ|pɯ' ɡreːŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	不	不	幸
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	bù	bù	xìng
Middle Chinese	‹ pjuw ›	‹ pjuw ›	‹ hɛng^X ›
Old Chinese	/*pə/	/*pə/	/*[ɡ]ˁreŋʔ/
English	not	不律 writing brush (pron. in Wú 吳 ap. Shuōwén; E. Hàn)	fortunate
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	不	不	不	幸
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3	1/1
No.	1025	1029	1048	13881
Phonetic component	不	不	不	幸
Rime group	之	之	物	耕
Rime subdivision	0	0	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	不	缶	弗	幸
Old Chinese	/*pɯ/	/*pɯʔ/	/*pɯ'/	/*ɡreːŋʔ/
Notes		象花柎與本同源	中古才促化

Adjective

不幸

unfortunate; sad

Synonyms

edit

不利 (bùlì)
倒煤
倒運 / 倒运 (dǎoyùn)
倒霉 (dǎoméi)
失氣 / 失气 (shīqì) (literary)
悔氣 / 悔气
悲催 (bēicuī) (neologism, jocular)
敗興 / 败兴 (bàixìng) (regional)
晦氣 / 晦气 (huìqì)
背時 / 背时 (bèishí)
背興 / 背兴 (bèixìng) (regional)

Adverb

不幸

unfortunately; sadly

Synonyms

不巧 (bùqiǎo)
(Cantonese) 弊在

Noun

不幸

(countable, uncountable) misfortune; adversity; sadness (Classifier: 個／个 m)

Verb

不幸

(Classical, euphemistic) to die

Synonyms

edit

下世 (xiàshì) (formal)
上天 (shàngtiān) (euphemistic)
上路 (shànglù) (euphemistic)
不在 (bùzài) (euphemistic)
不祿 / 不禄 (bùlù) (archaic, euphemistic, of military officers)
亡
亡故 (wánggù) (literary)
亡身 (wángshēn) (literary)
仙逝 (xiānshì) (euphemistic)
仙遊 / 仙游 (xiānyóu) (euphemistic)
作古 (zuògǔ) (literary, euphemistic)
做鬼 (zuòguǐ) (colloquial)
傾世 / 倾世 (qīngshì) (literary)
傾亡 / 倾亡 (qīngwáng) (literary)
入寂 (rùjì) (Buddhism, of Buddhist monks)
凋謝 / 凋谢 (diāoxiè) (to die of old age)
化去 (huàqù) (euphemistic)
升天 (shēngtiān) (euphemistic)
即世 (jíshì) (literary)
去世 (qùshì)
合眼 (héyǎn) (euphemistic)
喪亡 / 丧亡 (sàngwáng) (literary)
喪命 / 丧命 (sàngmìng) (euphemistic)
喪生 / 丧生 (sàngshēng) (euphemistic)
喪身 / 丧身 (sàngshēn) (literary)
嗚呼 / 呜呼 (wūhū) (euphemistic)
嗝屁 (gěpì) (Mandarin, vulgar, dysphemistic)
嚥氣 / 咽气 (yànqì) (colloquial)
回老家 (huí lǎojiā) (euphemistic, humorous)
圓寂 / 圆寂 (yuánjì) (of Buddhist monks or nuns)
壽終正寢 / 寿终正寝 (shòuzhōngzhèngqǐn) (euphemistic)
失氣 / 失气 (shīqì) (literary)
安息 (ānxī) (euphemistic)
安眠 (ānmián) (euphemistic)
小喇叭兒吹了 / 小喇叭儿吹了 (xiǎo lǎbār chuī le) (Beijing Mandarin)
就義 / 就义 (jiùyì) (to die a martyr)
崩 (bēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
崩殂 (bēngcú) (Classical, of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
彈老三 / 弹老三 (Northern Wu, informal, humorous)
往生 (wǎngshēng) (euphemistic)
忽然 (hūrán) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
掛 / 挂 (guà) (slang, humorous)
故 (gù)
故世 (gùshì) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
故去 (gùqù) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
斃命 / 毙命 (bìmìng) (pejorative)
早死 (zǎosǐ)
晏駕 / 晏驾 (yànjià) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
枯死 (kūsǐ) (literary, figurative)
棄世 / 弃世 (qìshì) (literary)
歸天 / 归天 (guītiān) (euphemistic)
歸西 / 归西 (guīxī) (euphemistic)
歸道山 / 归道山 (guī dàoshān) (literary, euphemistic)
死 (sǐ)
死亡 (sǐwáng) (formal)
死人 (sǐrén)
死去 (sǐqù) (informal)
死掉 (sǐdiào) (informal)
死翹翹 / 死翘翘 (sǐqiàoqiào) (informal, humorous)
死脫 / 死脱 (⁵shi-theq) (Wu)
殞 / 殒 (yǔn) (archaic)
殺身 / 杀身 (shāshēn) (literary)
氣絕 / 气绝 (qìjué) (literary)
永眠 (yǒngmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
沒世 / 没世 (mòshì) (literary)
沉眠 (chénmián) (euphemistic)
消忒 (Hakka, euphemistic)
物化 (wùhuà) (literary)
狗帶 / 狗带 (gǒudài) (slang, neologism)
畢命 / 毕命 (bìmìng) (formal, euphemistic)
病亡 (bìngwáng) (to die of illness)
病故 (bìnggù) (to die of illness)
病死 (bìngsǐ) (to die of illness)
病逝 (bìngshì) (to die of illness)
瘐死 (yǔsǐ) (of deaths in prison)
百年之後 / 百年之后 (bǎiniánzhīhòu) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
百年歸老 / 百年归老 (bǎiniánguīlǎo) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
盡命 / 尽命 (jìnmìng) (literary, euphemistic)
終 / 终 (zhōng) (literary, or in compounds, euphemistic)
絕 / 绝 (jué) (literary, or in compounds)
翹辮子 / 翘辫子 (qiào biànzi) (informal, humorous)
老了 (lǎo le) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
蒙主寵召 / 蒙主宠召 (méngzhǔchǒngzhào) (Christianity, euphemistic)
薨 (hōng) (Classical Chinese, of feudal lords or high officials)
薨逝 (hōngshì) (of feudal lords)
被難 / 被难 (bèinàn) (to be killed in a disaster, political incident, etc.)
見背 / 见背 (jiànbèi) (literary, of one's parents or elders)
見閻王 / 见阎王 (jiàn Yánwáng) (figurative)
見馬克思 / 见马克思 (jiàn Mǎkèsī) (communism, euphemistic)
謝世 / 谢世 (xièshì) (literary)
賓天 / 宾天 (bīntiān) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
走 (zǒu) (euphemistic)
走去踮 (Hokkien, euphemistic)
身亡 (shēnwáng) (formal, usually from unnatural causes)
辭世 / 辞世 (císhì) (literary)
辭塵 / 辞尘 (cíchén) (literary, euphemistic)
逝世 (shìshì)
進棺材 / 进棺材 (jìn guāncái)
過世 / 过世 (guòshì)
過去 / 过去 (guòqù) (euphemistic)
過往 / 过往 (Hokkien, Teochew, euphemistic)
過身 / 过身 (guòshēn) (literary)
過面 / 过面 (Hokkien)
長山賣鴨卵 / 长山卖鸭卵 (Hakka, euphemistic)
長眠 / 长眠 (chángmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
閉眼 / 闭眼 (bìyǎn) (euphemistic)
隕落 / 陨落 (yǔnluò) (euphemistic)
離世 / 离世 (líshì) (euphemistic)
駕崩 / 驾崩 (jiàbēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
駕鶴西去 / 驾鹤西去 (jiàhèxīqù) (euphemistic)
駕鶴西遊 / 驾鹤西游 (jiàhèxīyóu) (euphemistic)
龍馭上賓 / 龙驭上宾 (lóngyùshàngbīn) (of an emperor)

Derived terms

不幸中的大幸 (bùxìng zhōng de dàxìng)
不幸之幸 (bùxìngzhīxìng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (不幸):

→ Japanese: 不(ふ)幸(こう) (fukō)
→ Korean: 불행(不幸) (bulhaeng)
→ Vietnamese: bất hạnh (不幸)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
不	幸
ふ Grade: 4	こう Grade: 3
goon	kan'on

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ふこー [fùkóꜜò] (Nakadaka – [2])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [ɸɯ̟̊ko̞ː]

Adjective

不(ふ)幸(こう) • (fukō) ^{←ふかう (fukau)^?}-na (adnominal 不(ふ)幸(こう)な (fukō na), adverbial 不(ふ)幸(こう)に (fukō ni))

Inflection

Inflection of 不幸
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	不幸だろ	ふこうだろ	fukō daro
Continuative (連用形)	不幸で	ふこうで	fukō de
Terminal (終止形)	不幸だ	ふこうだ	fukō da
Attributive (連体形)	不幸な	ふこうな	fukō na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	不幸なら	ふこうなら	fukō nara
Imperative (命令形)	不幸であれ	ふこうであれ	fukō de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	不幸ではない不幸じゃない	ふこうではないふこうじゃない	fukō de wa nai fukō ja nai
Informal past	不幸だった	ふこうだった	fukō datta
Informal negative past	不幸ではなかった不幸じゃなかった	ふこうではなかったふこうじゃなかった	fukō de wa nakatta fukō ja nakatta
Formal	不幸です	ふこうです	fukō desu
Formal negative	不幸ではありません不幸じゃありません	ふこうではありませんふこうじゃありません	fukō de wa arimasen fukō ja arimasen
Formal past	不幸でした	ふこうでした	fukō deshita
Formal negative past	不幸ではありませんでした不幸じゃありませんでした	ふこうではありませんでしたふこうじゃありませんでした	fukō de wa arimasen deshita fukō ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	不幸で	ふこうで	fukō de
Conditional	不幸なら（ば）	ふこうなら（ば）	fukō nara (ba)
Provisional	不幸だったら	ふこうだったら	fukō dattara
Volitional	不幸だろう	ふこうだろう	fukō darō
Adverbial	不幸に	ふこうに	fukō ni
Degree	不幸さ	ふこうさ	fukōsa

Noun

不(ふ)幸(こう) • (fukō) ^{←ふかう (fukau)^?}

misfortune
sorrow, unhappiness
(euphemistic) death of a relative; bereavement

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

“不幸”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
不	幸

Noun

不幸 • (bulhaeng) (hangeul 불행)

hanja form^? of 불행 (“unhappiness; misfortune”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
不	幸

Adjective

不幸

chữ Hán form of bất hạnh (“unfortunate; unlucky; ill-fated”)

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[1]

[2]

Chinese

Pronunciation

Adjective

Synonyms

Adverb

Synonyms

Noun

Verb

Synonyms

Derived terms

Descendants

Japanese

Pronunciation

Adjective

Inflection

Noun

See also

References

Korean

Noun

Vietnamese

Adjective