亢

亢 U+4EA2, 亢 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EA2 ← 亡 [U+4EA1] CJK Unified Ideographs 亣 → [U+4EA3]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

亢 (Kangxi radical 8, 亠+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 卜竹弓 (YHN), four-corner 0021₇, composition ⿱亠几)

1. Shuowen Jiezi radical №399

Derived characters

• 伉, 吭, 坑, 妔, 𡵻, 𰏔, 忼, 抗, 沆, 犺, 阬, 𣃚, 𭥙, 杭, 炕, 牨, 𪻑, 肮, 㽘, 𥄦, 砊, 秔, 粇, 䋁, 航, 蚢, 𪜎, 𧦑, 𧲪, 貥, 䟘, 𨈢, 䡉, 𨟼, 𡕬, 鈧(钪), 𥒳, 𭉥, 𫆥, 䭺, 骯, 髚, 魧(𱇘), 䴚(𮭰), 𪎵, 𪐦, 𠿕, 𧇠, 𪕇, 𪗜(𬹽), 𤒀, 䶳
• 迒, 劥, 邟, 㰠, 㼚, 𦐄, 𡕧, 𨾒, 𡮎, 頏(颃), 𩲋, 䲳, 𠅣, 苀, 笐, 閌(闶), 匟, 囥, 䘕

Further reading

• Kangxi Dictionary: 亠部/二畫 on the Chinese Wikisource.

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 88, character 4
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 288
• Dae Jaweon: page 185, character 1
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 280, character 1
• Unihan data for U+4EA2

Chinese

simp. and trad.		亢

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 亢
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts
Bronze inscriptions b15195 b15196 b15197 b15198 b15199 b15200 b15201 b15202 Small seal script s07527 Transcribed ancient scripts L10045 L10046
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (亢) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
笐	*kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋs
亢	*kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs
牨	*kaːŋ
苀	*kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ
魧	*kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ
迒	*kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ
邟	*kʰaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ
忼	*kʰaːŋʔ, *qʰaːŋ
骯	*kʰaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *qaːŋ
抗	*kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ
炕	*kʰaːŋs, *qʰaːŋ
伉	*kʰaːŋs
閌	*kʰaːŋs
犺	*kʰaːŋs
蚢	*kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ
砊	*kʰaːŋs, *kʰraːŋ
阬	*kʰaːŋs, *kʰraːŋ
頏	*kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ
航	*ɡaːŋ
杭	*ɡaːŋ
沆	*ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ
肮	*ɡaːŋ
吭	*ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋs
秔	*kraːŋ
坑	*kʰraːŋ
劥	*kʰraːŋ

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kàng (kang⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄤˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): kong³
• Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): kang³

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kàng
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄤˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kàng
    • Wade–Giles: kʻang⁴
    • Yale: kàng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kanq
    • Palladius: кан (kan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɑŋ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: kong³
    • Yale: kong
    • Cantonese Pinyin: kong³
    • Guangdong Romanization: kong³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɔːŋ³³/
• Southern Min
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: kang³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khàng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaŋ²¹³/

---

• Middle Chinese: khangH

Rime
Character	亢
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	苦浪切
Baxter	khangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɑŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰɑŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɑŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰaŋH/
Li Rong	/kʰɑŋH/
Wang Li	/kʰɑŋH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰɑŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hong3

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰaːŋs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	亢
Reading #	2/2
No.	7367
Phonetic component	亢
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	抗
Old Chinese	/*kʰaːŋs/

Definitions

亢

1. high; arrogant; haughty

   高亢  ―  gāokàng  ―  (of sound) loud and sonorous; excited; high spirits; (of appearance) haughty

   不卑不亢  ―  bùbēibùkàng  ―  neither obsequious nor supercilious

2. firm; resolute

   亢直  ―  kàngzhí  ―  upright and outspoken

3. dry; arid; drought

   亢旱  ―  kànghàn  ―  severe drought

4. extreme; too much
5. exceed; excessive
6. ridge of a roof
7. (～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Neck (one of Twenty-Eight Mansions)
8. a surname

Etymology 2

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gāng (gang¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄤ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gong¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gāng
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄤ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gang
    • Wade–Giles: kang¹
    • Yale: gāng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gang
    • Palladius: ган (gan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gong¹
    • Yale: gōng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gong¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: gong¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: kang

Rime
Character	亢
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古郎切
Baxter	kang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaŋ/
Li Rong	/kɑŋ/
Wang Li	/kɑŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kɑŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gāng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gong1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*k-ŋˤaŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kaːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	亢
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gāng
Middle Chinese	‹ kang ›
Old Chinese	/*k-ŋˁaŋ/
English	lift high
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	亢
Reading #	1/2
No.	7357
Phonetic component	亢
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	岡
Old Chinese	/*kaːŋ/

Definitions

亢

1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) neck

   alt. forms: 頏 / 颃 (hāng), 肮

2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) throat

   alt. forms: 頏 / 颃 (hāng), 肮

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): háng (hang²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄤˊ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: háng
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄤˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: háng
    • Wade–Giles: hang²
    • Yale: háng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harng
    • Palladius: хан (xan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɑŋ³⁵/

Definitions

亢

1. Variant pronunciation of sense “neck” above.
2. Variant pronunciation of sense “throat” above.

   alt. forms: 吭

3. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) carotid artery
4. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) footprint, mark, trace

   alt. forms: 迒 (háng)

Compounds

• 不亢不卑 (bùkàngbùbēi)
• 不卑不亢 (bùbēibùkàng)
• 亢奮 / 亢奋 (kàngfèn)
• 亢宗
• 亢旱 (kànghàn)
• 亢直 (kàngzhí)
• 亢禮 / 亢礼
• 亢身
• 亢進 / 亢进 (kàngjìn)
• 亢陽 / 亢阳
• 亢龍有悔 / 亢龙有悔
• 批亢擣虛 / 批亢捣虚
• 矯亢 / 矫亢
• 藏頭亢腦 / 藏头亢脑
• 高亢 (gāokàng)

References

• 諸橋轍次 (Morohashi Tetsuji), chief ed. 大漢和辞典 (Dai Kan-Wa Jiten, “Comprehensive Chinese–Japanese Dictionary”). 13 vols. 1955–1960. Revised and enlarged ed. 1984–1986. Tokyo: Taishukan.

Japanese

Kanji

亢

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• On (unclassified): こう (kō)
• Kun: たかぶる (takaburu, 亢る)

Korean

Hanja

亢 (eum 항 (hang))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

亢: Hán Nôm readings: cang, khảng

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation