弱

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弱 U+5F31, 弱
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F31
← 弰
[U+5F30] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 弲 →
[U+5F32]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
10 strokes

Han character[edit]

弱 (Kangxi radical 57, 弓+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 弓一弓戈一 (NMNIM), four-corner 17127, composition ⿰⿹弓冫⿹弓冫(GHTJ) or ⿰⿹弓⿱丿丿⿹弓⿱丿丿(KV))

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 358, character 24
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9791
  • Dae Jaweon: page 675, character 17
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 996, character 16
  • Unihan data for U+5F31

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 弱
2nd round simp. ⿹弓冫
alternative forms 𢐅
𭋘

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 弱
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (弱) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
嫋 *neːwʔ
弱 *njewɢ
溺 *njewɢ, *neːwɢ
蒻 *njewɢ
搦 *rneːwɢ, *rnaːwɢ
愵 *neːwɢ

弓 ("bow") + 彡 ("hair", meaning "decoration" in this case) meaning a decorative bow that is functionally inferior. Or it might be indicating that the bow is shaking, which implies a worn-out bow.

An alternate etymology is 𢎥 + 𢎥, 𢎥 being a variant of 卷.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • jio̍h/lio̍h - vernacular;
  • jio̍k/lio̍k/jia̍k - literary.
  • Wu
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 弱
    Mandarin Beijing /ʐuo⁵¹/
    Harbin /iau⁵³/
    /ʐuo⁵³/
    Tianjin /ʐɑu⁵³/
    /ʐɤ⁵³/
    Jinan /luə²¹/
    Qingdao /yə⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /ʐuo²⁴/
    Xi'an /vo²⁴/
    Xining /u⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /ʐuə¹³/
    Lanzhou /və³¹/
    Ürümqi /ʐuɤ²¹³/
    Wuhan /io²¹³/
    Chengdu /zo³¹/
    Guiyang /zo²¹/
    Kunming /ʐo³¹/
    Nanjing /ioʔ⁵/
    Hefei /ʐuɐʔ⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /zaʔ²/
    Pingyao /ʐʌʔ⁵³/
    Hohhot /ʐuaʔ⁴³/
    Wu Shanghai /zaʔ¹/
    Suzhou /zɑʔ³/
    Hangzhou /zɑʔ²/
    Wenzhou /ja²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /niɔ²²/
    Tunxi /ȵio¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /ȵio²⁴/
    Xiangtan /ȵio²⁴/
    Gan Nanchang /ȵiɔʔ⁵/
    /lɔʔ⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /ŋiok̚⁵/
    Taoyuan /ŋiok̚⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /jœk̚²/
    Nanning /jœk̚²²/
    Hong Kong /jœk̚²/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /liɔk̚⁵/
    /lioʔ⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /yoʔ⁵/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ŋiɔ²⁴/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /ziak̚⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /niɔk̚³/
    Rime
    Character 弱
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 日 (38)
    Final (韻) 陽 (107)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 而灼切
    Baxter nyak
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ȵɨɐk̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ȵiɐk̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ȵʑiɑk̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ȵɨak̚/
    Li
    Rong         		/ȵiak̚/
    Wang
    Li         		/ȵʑĭak̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ȵʑi̯ak̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		ruò
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		joek6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 弱
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		ruò
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ nyak ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*newk/
    English weak

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 弱
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 10947
    Phonetic
    component         		弱
    Rime
    group         		藥
    Rime
    subdivision         		2
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		若
    Old
    Chinese         		/*njewɢ/

    Definitions[edit]

    弱

    1. weak; feeble
      軟弱／软弱  ―  ruǎnruò  ―  weak, feeble
    2. fragile; delicate

    Synonyms[edit]

    • (weak):

    Antonyms[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Shinjitai 弱
    Kyūjitai
    [1][2][3][4]
    弱󠄁
    弱+&#xE0101;?
    (Adobe-Japan1)
    弱󠄃
    弱+&#xE0103;?
    (Hanyo-Denshi)
    (Moji_Joho)
    The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
    See here for details.

    Kanji[edit]

    弱

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. weak
      Antonym: 強
    2. weakness
    3. slightly less than

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    弱
    じゃく
    Grade: 2
    kan’on

    Pronunciation[edit]

    (as a noun)

    Noun[edit]

    弱(じゃく) • (jaku) 

    1. weakness

    Suffix[edit]

    弱(じゃく) • (-jaku) 

    1. (lengths of time) slightly less than
      １(いち)時(じ)間(かん)弱(じゃく)
      ichi-jikan-jaku
      a little bit less than an hour
    2. (proscribed) slightly more than[6]

    Antonyms[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ^ “弱”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎[1] (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015–2023
    2. ^ 白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014), “弱”, in 字通 普及版 (Jitsū fukyūban, “Jitsū trade edition”)‎[2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN
    3. ^ 1914, 漢和大辭書 (Kanwa Dai Jisho, “The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 809 (paper), page 454 (digital), Tōkyō: 興文社 (Kōbunsha)
    4. ^ 1927, 新漢和辭典 (Shin Kanwa Jiten, “The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 512 (paper), page 269 (digital), Ōsaka: 松雲堂 (Shōundō)
    5. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    6. ^ 塩田雄大 (2017-10-01), “「1時間弱」は、1時間よりも長い？短い？”, in NHK放送文化研究所‎[3]

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 弱 (MC nyak).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    弱 (eumhun 약할 약 (yakhal yak))

    1. Hanja form? of 약 (“weak”).
      Antonym: 強 (강 (gang))

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    弱: Hán Nôm readings: nhược, ních

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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