弱
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]弱 (Kangxi radical 57, 弓+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 弓一弓戈一 (NMNIM), four-corner 17127, composition ⿰⿹弓冫⿹弓冫(GHTJ) or ⿰⿹弓⿱丿丿⿹弓⿱丿丿(KV))
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 358, character 24
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9791
- Dae Jaweon: page 675, character 17
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 996, character 16
- Unihan data for U+5F31
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
弱 | |
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2nd round simp. | ⿹弓冫 | |
alternative forms | 𢐅 𭋘 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 弱 | ||
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Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) : 弓 (“bow”) + 彡 (“hair, meaning "decoration" in this case”) - a decorative bow that is functionally inferior. Or it might be indicating that the bow is shaking, which implies a worn-out bow.
An alternate etymology is 𢎥 + 𢎥, 𢎥 being a variant of 卷.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): joek6
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ngio̍k
- Northern Min (KCR): ngiŏ̤
- Eastern Min (BUC): iŏk
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 8zaq
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄖㄨㄛˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: ruò
- Wade–Giles: jo4
- Yale: rwò
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ruoh
- Palladius: жо (žo)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: joek6
- Yale: yeuhk
- Cantonese Pinyin: joek9
- Guangdong Romanization: yêg6
- Sinological IPA (key): /jœːk̚²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngio̍k
- Hakka Romanization System: ngiog
- Hagfa Pinyim: ngiog6
- Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯ok̚⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngiŏ̤
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋiɔ²⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: iŏk
- Sinological IPA (key): /yoʔ⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jio̍h
- Tâi-lô: jio̍h
- Phofsit Daibuun: jioih
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /ziɤʔ⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lio̍h
- Tâi-lô: lio̍h
- Phofsit Daibuun: lioih
- IPA (Quanzhou): /lioʔ²⁴/
- IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /lioʔ⁴/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jio̍k
- Tâi-lô: jio̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: jiok
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /ziɔk̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lio̍k
- Tâi-lô: lio̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: liok
- IPA (Quanzhou): /liɔk̚²⁴/
- IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /liɔk̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jia̍k
- Tâi-lô: jia̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: jiak
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /ziak̚⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡ziak̚¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
Note:
- jio̍h/lio̍h - vernacular;
- jio̍k/lio̍k/jia̍k - literary.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 弱 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /ʐuo⁵¹/ |
Harbin | /iau⁵³/ /ʐuo⁵³/ | |
Tianjin | /ʐɑu⁵³/ /ʐɤ⁵³/ | |
Jinan | /luə²¹/ | |
Qingdao | /yə⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /ʐuo²⁴/ | |
Xi'an | /vo²⁴/ | |
Xining | /u⁴⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /ʐuə¹³/ | |
Lanzhou | /və³¹/ | |
Ürümqi | /ʐuɤ²¹³/ | |
Wuhan | /io²¹³/ | |
Chengdu | /zo³¹/ | |
Guiyang | /zo²¹/ | |
Kunming | /ʐo³¹/ | |
Nanjing | /ioʔ⁵/ | |
Hefei | /ʐuɐʔ⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /zaʔ²/ |
Pingyao | /ʐʌʔ⁵³/ | |
Hohhot | /ʐuaʔ⁴³/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /zaʔ¹/ |
Suzhou | /zɑʔ³/ | |
Hangzhou | /zɑʔ²/ | |
Wenzhou | /ja²¹³/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /niɔ²²/ |
Tunxi | /ȵio¹¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /ȵio²⁴/ |
Xiangtan | /ȵio²⁴/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /ȵiɔʔ⁵/ /lɔʔ⁵/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /ŋiok̚⁵/ |
Taoyuan | /ŋiok̚⁵⁵/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jœk̚²/ |
Nanning | /jœk̚²²/ | |
Hong Kong | /jœk̚²/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /liɔk̚⁵/ /lioʔ⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /yoʔ⁵/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ŋiɔ²⁴/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /ziak̚⁵/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /niɔk̚³/ |
- Middle Chinese: nyak
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*newk/
- (Zhengzhang): /*njewɢ/
Definitions
[edit]弱
Synonyms
[edit]- (weak):
- 冉弱 (rǎnruò) (literary)
- 單薄/单薄 (dānbó)
- 孤單/孤单 (gūdān)
- 孱弱 (chánruò) (literary)
- 微弱 (wēiruò)
- 柔弱 (róuruò)
- 瘦弱 (shòuruò)
- 瘦瘠 (shòují)
- 羸弱 (léiruò)
- 脆弱 (cuìruò)
- 荏弱 (Hokkien)
- 薄弱 (bóruò)
- 虛弱/虚弱 (xūruò)
- 虛荏/虚荏 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
- 虛虧/虚亏 (xūkuī)
- 虧弱/亏弱 (kuīruò)
- 衰弱 (shuāiruò)
- 軟弱/软弱 (ruǎnruò)
- 軟蔫蔫/软蔫蔫 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
- 軟䭕/软𬲕 (Hokkien, Teochew)
- 雌 (cí) (literary)
- 體弱/体弱 (tǐruò)
Antonyms
[edit]Compounds
[edit]- 不弱
- 不弱似
- 不弱如
- 不甘示弱 (bùgānshìruò)
- 以弱制強/以弱制强
- 以強陵弱/以强陵弱
- 倚強凌弱
- 倚強欺弱/倚强欺弱 (yǐqiáng qī ruò)
- 兼弱攻昧
- 削弱 (xuēruò)
- 力分勢弱/力分势弱
- 力弱
- 危弱
- 又弱一個/又弱一个
- 單弱/单弱
- 好弱
- 嬌弱/娇弱 (jiāoruò)
- 孅弱
- 孤弱
- 孱弱 (chánruò)
- 幼弱 (yòuruò)
- 弱不勝衣/弱不胜衣
- 弱不好弄
- 弱不禁風/弱不禁风 (ruòbùjīnfēng)
- 弱兵
- 弱冠 (ruòguàn)
- 弱勢/弱势 (ruòshì)
- 弱化 (ruòhuà)
- 弱喪/弱丧
- 弱小 (ruòxiǎo)
- 弱怯怯
- 弱息
- 弱智 (ruòzhì)
- 弱柳扶風/弱柳扶风
- 弱植
- 弱水 (Ruòshuǐ)
- 弱水三千
- 弱水之隔
- 弱疾
- 弱視/弱视 (ruòshì)
- 弱笄
- 弱翰
- 弱者 (ruòzhě)
- 弱肉強食/弱肉强食 (ruòròuqiángshí)
- 弱質/弱质
- 弱酸 (ruòsuān)
- 弱項/弱项 (ruòxiàng)
- 弱鹼/弱碱 (ruòjiǎn)
- 弱點/弱点 (ruòdiǎn)
- 弱齡/弱龄
- 強幹弱枝/强干弱枝
- 強弱/强弱 (qiángruò)
- 強弱懸殊/强弱悬殊
- 強本弱枝/强本弱枝
- 彊幹弱枝/强干弱枝
- 彊本弱末/强本弱末
- 微弱 (wēiruò)
- 怯弱 (qièruò)
- 恃強凌弱 (shìqiánglíngruò)
- 恃強欺弱/恃强欺弱
- 懦弱 (nuòruò)
- 扶傾濟弱/扶倾济弱
- 扶弱抑強/扶弱抑强
- 抑強扶弱/抑强扶弱 (yìqiángfúruò)
- 按彊助弱/按强助弱
- 振弱除暴
- 攜老扶弱/携老扶弱
- 攣弱/挛弱
- 文弱 (wénruò)
- 文弱書生/文弱书生 (wénruòshūshēng)
- 柔弱 (róuruò)
- 柔心弱骨
- 沖弱/冲弱
- 減弱/减弱 (jiǎnruò)
- 漸弱/渐弱 (jiànruò)
- 濟弱扶傾/济弱扶倾
- 濟弱扶危/济弱扶危
- 濟弱鋤強/济弱锄强
- 畏強凌弱
- 疲弱
- 瘦弱 (shòuruò)
- 示弱 (shìruò)
- 神經衰弱/神经衰弱 (shénjīng shuāiruò)
- 積弱/积弱 (jīruò)
- 積弱不振/积弱不振
- 細弱/细弱 (xìruò)
- 繁弱
- 纖弱/纤弱 (xiānruò)
- 纖纖弱質/纤纤弱质
- 羸弱 (léiruò)
- 老弱 (lǎoruò)
- 老弱殘兵/老弱残兵
- 脆弱 (cuìruò)
- 苒弱
- 荏弱 (rěnruò)
- 蓬萊弱水/蓬莱弱水
- 薄弱 (bóruò)
- 虛弱/虚弱 (xūruò)
- 衰弱 (shuāiruò)
- 貧弱/贫弱 (pínruò)
- 軟弱/软弱 (ruǎnruò)
- 軟弱無力/软弱无力
- 輕塵弱草/轻尘弱草
- 違強陵弱/违强陵弱
- 鋤強扶弱/锄强扶弱 (chúqiángfúruò)
- 闇弱/暗弱 (ànruò)
- 面弱
Japanese
[edit]Shinjitai | 弱 | ![]() |
Kyūjitai [1][2][3][4] |
弱󠄁 弱+ 󠄁 ?(Adobe-Japan1) |
![]() |
弱󠄃 弱+ 󠄃 ?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | ||
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |
Kanji
[edit]弱
- weak
- Antonym: 強
- weakness
- slightly less than
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: にゃく (nyaku)←にやく (nyaku, historical)
- Kan-on: じゃく (jaku, Jōyō)←じやく (zyaku, historical)
- Kun: よわい (yowai, 弱い, Jōyō); よわる (yowaru, 弱る, Jōyō); よわまる (yowamaru, 弱まる, Jōyō); よわめる (yowameru, 弱める, Jōyō); わかい (wakai, 弱い)
Compounds
[edit]- 弱音 (jakuon)
- 弱酸 (jakusan)
- 弱志 (jakushi)
- 弱視 (jakushi)
- 弱質 (jakushitsu)
- 弱者 (jakusha)
- 弱小 (jakushō)
- 弱震 (jakushin)
- 弱卒 (jakusotsu)
- 弱体 (jakutai)
- 弱敵 (jakuteki)
- 弱点 (jakuten)
- 弱電 (jakuden)
- 弱肉強食 (jakuniku kyōshoku)
- 弱年 (jakunen) (若年)
- 弱輩 (jakuhai) (若輩)
- 弱拍 (jakuhaku)
- 弱兵 (jakuhei)
- 弱齢 (jakurei) (若齢)
- 弱化 (jakka)
- 弱冠 (jakkan)
- 弱起 (jakki)
- 弱肩 (jakken)
- 弱行 (jakkō)
- 弱国 (jakkoku)
- 暗弱, 闇弱 (anjaku)
- 胃弱 (ijaku)
- 萎弱 (ijaku)
- 尩弱, 尫弱 (ōjaku)
- 怯弱 (kyōjaku)
- 強弱 (kyōjaku)
- 怯弱 (kyojaku)
- 虚弱 (kyojaku)
- 愚弱 (gujaku)
- 減弱 (genjaku)
- 耗弱 (kōjaku)
- 孤弱 (kojaku)
- 昏弱 (konjaku)
- 削弱 (sakujaku)
- 色弱 (shikijaku)
- 柔弱 (jūjaku)
- 小弱 (shōjaku)
- 情弱 (jōjaku)
- 荏弱 (jinjaku)
- 衰弱 (suijaku)
- 脆弱 (zeijaku)
- 孱弱 (senjaku)
- 繊弱 (senjaku)
- 惰弱, 懦弱 (dajaku)
- 単弱 (tanjaku)
- 稚弱 (chijaku)
- 軟弱 (nanjaku)
- 柔弱 (nyūjaku)
- 薄弱 (hakujaku)
- 微弱 (bijaku)
- 病弱 (byōjaku)
- 貧弱 (hinjaku)
- 文弱 (bunjaku)
- 幼弱 (yōjaku)
- 羸弱 (ruijaku)
- 劣弱 (retsujaku)
- 老弱 (rōjaku)
Etymology
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
弱 |
じゃく Grade: 2 |
kan'on |
Pronunciation
[edit](as a noun)
Noun
[edit]Suffix
[edit]- (lengths of time) slightly less than
- 1時間弱
- ichi-jikan-jaku
- a little bit less than an hour
- 1時間弱
- (proscribed) slightly more than[6]
Antonyms
[edit]- 強 (-kyō)
References
[edit]- ^ “弱”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024
- ^ 白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014) “弱”, in 字通 (Jitsū)[2] (in Japanese), popular edition, Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN
- ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, , page 809 (paper), page 454 (digital)
- ^ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, , page 512 (paper), page 269 (digital)
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ 塩田雄大 (2017 October 1) “「1時間弱」は、1時間よりも長い?短い?”, in NHK放送文化研究所[3]
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 弱 (MC nyak).
Historical readings
- Recorded as Middle Korean ᅀᅣᆨ〮 (zyák) (Yale: zyák) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
- Recorded as Middle Korean 약 (yak) (Yale: yak) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ja̠k̚]
- Phonetic hangul: [약]
Hanja
[edit]Compounds
[edit]Compounds
- 약골 (弱骨, yakgol)
- 약력 (弱力, yangnyeok)
- 미약 (微弱, miyak)
- 약소 (弱小, yakso)
- 취약 (脆弱, chwiyak)
- 약시 (弱視, yaksi)
- 나약 (懦弱, nayak)
- 약화 (弱化, yakhwa)
- 약자 (弱者, yakja)
- 쇠약 (衰弱, soeyak)
- 강약 (強弱, gang'yak)
- 연약 (軟弱, yeonyak)
- 빈약 (貧弱, binyak)
- 약세 (弱勢, yakse)
- 허약 (虛弱, heoyak)
- 병약 (病弱, byeong'yak)
- 약체 (弱體, yakche)
- 내약 (內弱, naeyak)
- 겁약 (怯弱, geobyak)
- 약국 (弱國, yakguk)
- 면약 (綿弱, myeonyak)
- 노약 (老弱, noyak)
- 약질 (弱質, yakjil)
- 약점 (弱點, yakjeom, “weak point”)
- 억강부약 (抑強扶弱, eokgangbuyak)
References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [4]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]弱: Hán Nôm readings: nhược, ních
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
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- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading じやく
- Japanese kanji with kun reading よわ・い
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- Japanese kanji with kun reading よわ・まる
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