函
See also: 凾
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]函 (Kangxi radical 17, 凵+6, 8 strokes, Cangjie input 山弓水 (UNE) or 弓山水 (NUE), four-corner 10772, composition ⿶凵⿻丂⿱丷八)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 135, character 16
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1826
- Dae Jaweon: page 303, character 10
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 309, character 9
- Unihan data for U+51FD
Chinese
[edit]| simp. and trad. |
函 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 圅 凾 | |
Glyph origin
[edit]| Historical forms of the character 函 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Originally 圅, a pictogram (象形) – an upside-down arrow stored inside a box with one or two handles.
Etymology
[edit]According to Schuessler (2007), derived from 含 (OC *ɡɯːm, “to have in the mouth, hold inside”). Note also potential similarities to Burmese ခွံ (hkwam, “shell”) (Luce, 1981).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): hán
- Cantonese (Jyutping): haam4
- Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): ham2
- Jin (Wiktionary): han1
- Eastern Min (BUC): hàng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hang2
- Southern Min
- Wu (Wugniu)
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): han2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: hán
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: hán
- Wade–Giles: han2
- Yale: hán
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harn
- Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xän³⁵/
- (Xi'an)
- Guanzhong Pinyin: hán
- Sinological IPA (key): /xã²⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: haam4
- Yale: hàahm
- Cantonese Pinyin: haam4
- Guangdong Romanization: ham4
- Sinological IPA (key): /haːm²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: han1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /xæ̃¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: hàng
- Sinological IPA (key): /haŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: hang2
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: háng
- Sinological IPA (key): /haŋ¹³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: hang2
- Sinological IPA (key): /haŋ²⁴/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
Note: hang5 - Chenghai.
- Wu
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: han2
- Sinological IPA (key): /xan¹³/
- (Changsha)
- Middle Chinese: hom, heam
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə-m-kˤ[ə]m/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡuːm/, /*ɡruːm/
Definitions
[edit]函
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to include
- 播厥百殼、實函斯活。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Bō jué bǎi ké, shí hán sī huó. [Pinyin]
- They sow their different kinds of grain, Each seed containing in it a germ of life.
播厥百壳、实函斯活。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) box
- (formal) letter (Classifier: 個／个 m)
Synonyms
[edit]Compounds
[edit]- 三角函數 / 三角函数 (sānjiǎo hánshù)
- 二次函數 / 二次函数 (èrcì hánshù)
- 來函 / 来函 (láihán)
- 便函 (biànhán)
- 信函 (xìnhán)
- 修函
- 偶函數 / 偶函数 (ǒuhánshù)
- 公函 (gōnghán)
- 函丈
- 函人 (hánrén)
- 函件 (hánjiàn)
- 函告
- 函夏
- 函弘
- 函授 (hánshòu)
- 函授學校 / 函授学校
- 函數 / 函数 (hánshù)
- 函洞 (hándòng)
- 函牘 / 函牍
- 函甲
- 函請 / 函请
- 函谷關 / 函谷关 (Hángǔ Guān)
- 函購 / 函购 (hángòu)
- 函道
- 函電 / 函电 (hándiàn)
- 函館 / 函馆 (Hánguǎn)
- 初等函數 / 初等函数 (chūděng hánshù)
- 匭函 / 匦函
- 去函
- 回函 (huíhán)
- 存證信函 / 存证信函
- 密函
- 寶函 / 宝函
- 導函數 / 导函数 (dǎohánshù)
- 崤函 (Xiáo Hán)
- 席間函丈 / 席间函丈
- 廣告函件 / 广告函件
- 指數函數 / 指数函数 (zhǐshù hánshù)
- 書函 / 书函 (shūhán)
- 有理函數 / 有理函数 (yǒulǐ hánshù)
- 泥封函谷
- 淵鑑類函 / 渊鉴类函
- 玉函
- 琅函
- 瑯函 / 琅函
- 瑤函 / 瑶函
- 發函 / 发函 (fāhán)
- 私函 (sīhán)
- 空函
- 箋函 / 笺函
- 線型函數 / 线型函数
- 肅函 / 肃函
- 致函 (zhìhán)
- 臺函 / 台函
- 解析函數 / 解析函数 (jiěxī hánshù)
- 謝函 / 谢函
- 賀函 / 贺函
- 通函 (tōnghán)
- 鮫函 / 鲛函
- 黑函 (hēihán)
Descendants
[edit]- → Vietnamese: hòm
References
[edit]- “函”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]函
- a box-shaped receptacle, e.g. a coin bank or letter box (e.g. 銭函, 投函する)
- to insert [into a container] (cf. 入れる, 容れる)
- a suit of armor (more commonly 鎧)
Readings
[edit]Compounds
[edit]- 函館 (Hakodate)
Definitions
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 函 |
| はこ Jinmeiyō |
| kun'yomi |
| For pronunciation and definitions of 函 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
| (This term, 函, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
References
[edit]- “▲函”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][2] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 函 (MC hom|heam).
| Historical readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅘᅡᆷ (Yale: hhàm) | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] | 함〯 (Yale: hǎm) | 함 (Yale: hàm) |
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ha̠(ː)m]
- Phonetic hangul: [함(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja
[edit]
Compounds
[edit]References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]References
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- Japanese kanji with kun reading い・れる
- Japanese kanji with kun reading よろい
- Japanese terms spelled with 函 read as はこ
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