伸

伸 U+4F38, 伸 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4F38 ← 伷 [U+4F37] CJK Unified Ideographs 伹 → [U+4F39]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

伸 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 人中田中 (OLWL), four-corner 2520₆, composition ⿰亻申)

Derived characters

• 𭈁, 𥆓, 𦕽, 𨁬, 敒, 𫣰, 𰁷

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 97, character 6
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 481
• Dae Jaweon: page 205, character 12
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 133, character 2
• Unihan data for U+4F38

Chinese

simp. and trad.		伸

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 伸
Small seal script s05824 Transcribed ancient scripts L31183 L31184
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (申) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
電	*l'iːns
胂	*l̥ʰin, *hlin
申	*hlin
伸	*hlin
呻	*hlin
紳	*hlin
眒	*hlin, *hlins
柛	*hlin
訷	*hlin
抻	*hlins
神	*hlin
朄	*lins

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *hlin): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 申 (OC *hlin).

Etymology

STEDT derives the word from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsjan ~ *dzjan (“to stretch out”), and compares Burmese ဆင်း (hcang:, “idem”), though the Old Chinese reconstructions make this somewhat problematic.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): shēn (shen¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄕㄣ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): cen¹

• Cantonese (Jyutping): san¹

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): chhûn / sṳ̂n

  (Hailu, HRS): chun^ˋ / shin^ˋ

• Eastern Min (BUC): sĭng
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): cong¹ / cuong¹ / cuerng¹ / sing¹
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): chhun / chhng / sin

  (Teochew, Peng'im): cung¹ / sing¹

• Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ¹sen

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: shēn
    • Zhuyin: ㄕㄣ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: shen
    • Wade–Giles: shên¹
    • Yale: shēn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shen
    • Palladius: шэнь (šɛnʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂən⁵⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: cen¹
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: cen
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰən⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: san¹
    • Yale: sān
    • Cantonese Pinyin: san¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: sen¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɐn⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhûn / sṳ̂n
    • Hakka Romanization System: cun^ˊ / siin^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: cun¹ / sin¹
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰun²⁴/, /sɨn²⁴/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: chun^ˋ / shin^ˋ
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃʰun⁵³/, /ʃin⁵³/

Note:

• chhûn - vernacular;
• sṳ̂n - literary.

• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: sĭng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /siŋ⁵⁵/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian, Jiangkou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: cong¹
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: cheong
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɔŋ⁵³³/
  • (Nanri)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: cong¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰoŋ⁵³³/
  • (Youyang)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: cong¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁴⁴/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: cuong¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰuoŋ⁵⁴⁴/
  • (Fengting)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: cuerng¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɯəŋ⁵⁴⁴/
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: sing¹
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sing
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬiŋ⁵³³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: sing¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

Note:

• cong1/cuong1/cuerng1 - vernacular;
• sing1 - literary.

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhun
    • Tâi-lô: tshun
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zhwn
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰun³³/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰun⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhng
    • Tâi-lô: tshng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zhngf
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰŋ̍⁴⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰŋ̍³³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sin
    • Tâi-lô: sin
    • Phofsit Daibuun: syn
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sin⁴⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /sin³³/

Note:

• chhun/chhng - vernacular;
• sin - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: cung¹ / sing¹
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshung / sing
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰuŋ³³/, /siŋ³³/

Note:

• cung1 - vernacular;
• sing1 - literary.

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou)
    • Wugniu: ¹sen
    • MiniDict: sen^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹sen
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sən⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /sən⁴⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: syin

Rime
Character	伸
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	書 (26)
Final (韻)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	失人切
Baxter	syin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɕiɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/ɕin/
Shao Rongfen	/ɕjen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɕin/
Li Rong	/ɕiĕn/
Wang Li	/ɕĭĕn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɕi̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shēn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	san1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥i[n]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*hlin/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	伸
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shēn
Middle Chinese	‹ syin ›
Old Chinese	/*l̥i[n]/
English	stretch, extend
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	伸
Reading #	1/1
No.	11236
Phonetic component	申
Rime group	眞
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	申
Old Chinese	/*hlin/

Definitions

伸

1. to extend; to stretch out

   伸長兩隻手／伸长两只手  ―  shēncháng liǎng zhī shǒu  ―  to extend two hands

2. to report
3. (Hakka, Hokkien) to be left; to remain

   Alternative forms: 剩, 賰 / 䞐, 偆, 存

4. a surname

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 剩 (“to be left; to remain”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		剩, 剩餘
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	剩
Central Plains Mandarin	Wanrong	剩
	Xi'an	剩
Southwestern Mandarin	Guilin	剩
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	剩
Cantonese	Guangzhou	剩
	Hong Kong	剩
Hakka	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	伸
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	伸
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	伸
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	伸
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	伸
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	伸
Southern Min	Xiamen	伸
	Quanzhou	偆
	Zhangzhou	伸, 偆
	Manila (Hokkien)	伸
	Puning	存
Wu	Shanghai	剩, 挺, 挺剩
	Danyang	剩
	Ningbo	剩

Compounds

• 以屈求伸
• 仰首伸眉
• 伸冤 (shēnyuān)
• 伸出 (shēnchū)
• 伸出援手
• 伸剖
• 伸展 (shēnzhǎn)
• 伸張 / 伸张 (shēnzhāng)
• 伸張正義 / 伸张正义
• 伸志
• 伸懶腰 / 伸懒腰 (shēn lǎnyāo)
• 伸手 (shēnshǒu)
• 伸手牌
• 伸港 (Shēngǎng)
• 伸直 (shēnzhí)
• 伸眉
• 伸眉吐氣 / 伸眉吐气
• 伸縮 / 伸缩 (shēnsuō)
• 伸縮尺 / 伸缩尺
• 伸縮縫 / 伸缩缝
• 伸腰
• 伸腿 (shēntuǐ)
• 伸腿瞪眼
• 伸舌頭 / 伸舌头
• 伸鉤索鐵 / 伸钩索铁
• 伸長 / 伸长 (shēncháng)
• 伸開 / 伸开 (shēnkāi)
• 伸頭探腦 / 伸头探脑
• 伸頭縮頸 / 伸头缩颈
• 小屈大伸
• 屈一伸萬 / 屈一伸万
• 屈伸 (qūshēn)
• 平伸
• 延伸 (yánshēn)
• 握鉤伸鐵 / 握钩伸铁
• 有屈無伸 / 有屈无伸
• 欠伸 (qiànshēn)
• 眉頭不伸 / 眉头不伸
• 能屈能伸
• 蠖屈求伸
• 詘寸伸尺 / 诎寸伸尺
• 轉伸 / 转伸
• 顰伸 / 颦伸

References

• “伸”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long]; 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu]; 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying]; 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019), “1927 伸（～手）”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 476.

Japanese

Kanji

伸

(Jōyō kanji)

1. to lengthen

Readings

• Go-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)
• Kun: のびる (nobiru, 伸びる, Jōyō)、のべる (noberu, 伸べる, Jōyō)、のばす (nobasu, 伸ばす, Jōyō)、のす (nosu, 伸す)、のる (noru, 伸る)、よぼる (yoboru, 伸る)
• Nanori: のぶ (nobu)、よぼる (yoboru)

Compounds

• 伸(しん)筋(きん) (shinkin)
• 伸(しん)縮(しゅく) (shinshuku)
• 伸(しん)張(ちょう) (shinchō)
• 伸(しん)長(ちょう), 伸(しん)暢(ちょう) (shinchō)
• 伸(しん)展(てん) (shinten)
• 伸(しん)度(ど) (shindo)
• 延(えん)伸(しん) (enshin)
• 伸(の)び伸(の)び (nobinobi)

Idioms

• 伸(の)るか反(そ)るか (noru ka soru ka): sink or swim; come what may

Related terms

• 伸(の)す (nosu)
• 伸(の)べ広(ひろ)げる (nobehirogeru)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
伸
しん Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 伸 (MC syin).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) しん [shìń] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ɕĩɴ]

Proper noun

伸(しん) • (Shin) 

1. a male given name

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
伸
のぶる Grade: S
nanori

From 伸(の)ぶる (noburu), the rentaikei (attributive form) of Classical Japanese verb 伸(の)ぶ (nobu), modern 伸(の)びる (nobiru, “to stretch, to extend”) and 伸(の)べる (noberu, “to lengthen, to extend, to unfold, to crush”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [no̞bɯ̟ɾɯ̟]

Proper noun

伸(のぶる) • (Noburu) 

1. a male given name

Korean

Hanja

伸 (eumhun 펼 신 (pyeol sin))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

伸: Hán Nôm readings: thân

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation