龍

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See also: 龙 and 竜
龍 U+9F8D, 龍
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F8D
← 龌
[U+9F8C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 龎 →
[U+9F8E]
⿓ U+2FD3, ⿓
KANGXI RADICAL DRAGON
← ⿒
[U+2FD2] 		Kangxi Radicals ⿔ →
[U+2FD4]
龍 U+F9C4, 龍
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9C4
← 遼
[U+F9C3] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 暈 →
[U+F9C5]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
龍-order.gif
Traditional 龍
Shinjitai 竜
Simplified 龙

Han character[edit]

Commons-logo.svg
See images of
Radical 212 龍

龍 (radical 212, 龍+0, 16 strokes, cangjie input 卜月卜尸心 (YBYSP), four-corner 01211, composition ⿰⿱立⺼⿱⺊⿷己三)

  1. Kangxi radical #212, ⿓.
  2. Shuowen Jiezi radical №427

Derived characters[edit]

Related characters[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Chinese Wikisource has digitized text of the Kangxi Dictionary entry for 龍:

Wikisource


  • KangXi: page 1536, character 33
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 48818
  • Dae Jaweon: page 2076, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4803, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+9F8D

Chinese[edit]

trad. 龍
simp. 龙
alternative forms
 
㡣
䮾
䰱
竜
龒
㡣
䮾
䰱
竜
龒
𠉒
𠊋
𢀀
𢄫
𢅛
𥪐
𥪑
𥪖
𥪢
𥫆
𥫈
𦱉
𦱸
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 龍
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
龍-bronze-shang.svg 龍-oracle.svg 龍-bronze.svg 龍-bronze-spring.svg 龍-silk.svg 龍-slip.svg 龍-seal.svg 龍-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (龍) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
驡 *ʔslaːŋʔ, *roŋ
龐 *broːŋ
瀧 *rroːŋ, *sroːŋ, *roːŋ
籠 *roːŋ, *roːŋʔ, *roŋ
豅 *roːŋ
朧 *roːŋ, *roŋs
龓 *roːŋ, *roːŋʔ
聾 *roːŋ
礱 *roːŋ, *roːŋs
嚨 *roːŋ
蘢 *roːŋ, *roŋ
櫳 *roːŋ
襱 *roːŋ, *roːŋʔ, *r'oŋʔ
瓏 *roːŋ
曨 *roːŋ, *roːŋʔ
鸗 *roːŋ, *roŋ
蠪 *roːŋ
巃 *roːŋʔ
竉 *roːŋʔ
攏 *roːŋʔ
儱 *roːŋʔ, *roŋs
龍 *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ
躘 *roŋ, *roŋs
隴 *roŋʔ
壠 *roŋʔ
壟 *roŋʔ
寵 *r̥ʰoŋʔ
龏 *kloŋ, *kloŋs, *qroːɡ

Pictogram (象形) – originally a serpent with prominent whiskered mouth and eyes.

Current form developed in large seal script, with serpent’s body on right (tail at upper right, legs on right), whiskered/fanged mouth at lower left, and eyes/crown at upper left. Left side was subsequently simplified and abstracted, with some influence of 立 and ⺼/月. Note that 竜 existed as a traditional variant dating back to large seal script, and figures a dragon seen face-on, rather than curled around.

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-bru(ŋ/k) (“dragon; thunder”). Cognate with Tibetan འབྲུག ('brug, “dragon; thunder”). The STEDT database also lists 隆 (OC *ɡ·ruːŋ, “thunder; sound of thunder”) and 雹 (OC *bruːɡ, “hail”) as cognates. Also compare 靐 (OC *brɯŋs, “sound of thunder”) and 霹靂 (OC *pʰeːɡ reːɡ, “thunder”).

This word is found in many languages of the region. Compare Proto-Hmong-Mien *-roŋ (“dragon”) (White Hmong zaj), Proto-Vietic *-roːŋ (“dragon”) (Vietnamese rồng), Vietnamese thuồng luồng (“serpent-like monster”), Khmer រោង (roong, “year of the dragon”), Thai มะโรง (má-roong, “dragon; year of the dragon”), Lao ມະໂລງ (ma lōng, “year of the dragon”), perhaps also Old Turkic [script needed] (*-lan, suffix denoting a wild, predatory animal) (Turkish aslan (“lion”), kaplan (“tiger”), yılan (“snake”)).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: lung4-2 - "goal" and in 烏龍／乌龙 (wu1 lung4-2).
Note:
  • lṳ̀ng - literary;
  • lèng - vernacular (only used in 龍眼);
  • liòng > lùng - literary (only used in 龍船).
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • lêng - vernacular;
    • gêng/liâng/ngúi - vernacular (only used in 龍眼);
    • liông - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 龍
    Mandarin Beijing /luŋ³⁵/
    Harbin /luŋ²⁴/
    Tianjin /luŋ⁴⁵/
    Jinan /luŋ⁴²/
    Qingdao /ləŋ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /luŋ⁴²/
    /lyuŋ⁴²/
    Xi'an /luŋ²⁴/
    Xining /luə̃²⁴/
    Yinchuan /luŋ⁵³/
    Lanzhou /lũn⁵³/
    Ürümqi /luŋ⁵¹/
    Wuhan /noŋ²¹³/
    Chengdu /noŋ³¹/
    Guiyang /noŋ²¹/
    Kunming /loŋ³¹/
    Nanjing /loŋ²⁴/
    Hefei /ləŋ⁵⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /luəŋ¹¹/
    Pingyao /luŋ¹³/
    Hohhot /lũŋ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /loŋ²³/
    Suzhou /loŋ¹³/
    Hangzhou /loŋ²¹³/
    Wenzhou /liɛ³¹/
    Hui Shexian /lʌ̃⁴⁴/
    Tunxi /lin⁴⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /loŋ¹³/
    Xiangtan /nən¹²/
    Gan Nanchang /luŋ⁴⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /liuŋ¹¹/
    Taoyuan /lioŋ¹¹/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /loŋ²¹/
    Nanning /luŋ²¹/
    Hong Kong /luŋ²¹/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /liɔŋ³⁵/
    /liŋ³⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /lyŋ⁵³/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /lœyŋ³³/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /loŋ⁵⁵/
    /leŋ⁵⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /loŋ³¹/
    /liaŋ³¹/
    Rime
    Character 龍
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 來 (37)
    Final (韻) 鍾 (7)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 力鍾切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/lɨoŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/lioŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/lioŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/luawŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/lioŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/lĭwoŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/li̯woŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		lóng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		lung4
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 龍
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		lóng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ ljowng ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[mə]-roŋ/
    English dragon

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 龍 龍
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    No. 8436 8763
    Phonetic
    component         		龍 尨
    Rime
    group         		東 東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0 0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		龍 厖
    Old
    Chinese         		/*b·roŋ/ /*mroːŋ/
    Notes 同狵

    Definitions[edit]

    龍

    1. (mythology) Chinese dragon
    2. (mythology) Western dragon
    3. (figuratively) emperor; sovereign; king; of the emperor
    4. (figuratively) chief; hero; towering figure
    5. (by extension) dragon-shaped object; long object
    6. (by extension) dragon-adorned object
    7. (zoology, paleontology) extinct reptilian creature; -saur
      恐龍 / 恐龙  ―  kǒnglóng  ―  dinosaur
      翼手龍 / 翼手龙  ―  yìshǒulóng  ―  pterodactyl
    8. (Min Dong) to become clear-minded; to be revitalised
    9. (Cantonese, soccer and other sports) goal
    10. A surname​.

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Shinjitai

    		竜

    Kyūjitai

    		龍

    Kanji[edit]

    龍

    (“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 竜)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Usage notes[edit]

    • This kanji is the 旧字体 (kyūjitai) form of simplified 竜, itself as isolated 新字体 (shinjitai) kanji, but is used in Jōyō characters 襲 and 籠, with the latter categorized as Jōyō as of 2010.
    • Although it is officially simplified into 竜, 龍 is often used instead for certain words for its aesthetics (such as in literary contexts or for spelling words borrowed from Chinese). For example, 烏龍茶 (ūroncha, “oolong tea”) is rarely spelled as 烏竜茶.

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    龍
    りゅう
    Jinmeiyō
    goon
    Alternative spelling
    竜

    From Middle Chinese 龍 (MC lɨoŋ).

    The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • Some dictionaries classify this reading as 慣用音 (kanyōon, literally “commonly-accepted sound”) instead of 呉音 (goon).

    Noun[edit]

    龍(りゅう) • (ryū)  (kyūjitai, shinjitai 竜)

    1. Kyūjitai form of 竜: a Chinese dragon
    2. Kyūjitai form of 竜: Synonym of ドラゴン (doragon): a Western dragon
    3. Kyūjitai form of 竜: (shogi, colloquial) Short for 龍王 (ryūō): dragon king; promoted rook
    4. a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) with a Chinese dragon design
    Derived terms[edit]

    Affix[edit]

    龍(りゅう) • (ryū)  (kyūjitai, shinjitai 竜)

    1. Kyūjitai form of 竜: dragon
    2. Kyūjitai form of 竜: hero
    3. Kyūjitai form of 竜: imperial
    4. Kyūjitai form of 竜: dinosaur
    Derived terms[edit]

    Proper noun[edit]

    龍(りゅう) • (Ryū)  (kyūjitai, shinjitai 竜)

    1. (astronomy) Short for りゅう座 (Ryūza): the constellation Draco
    2. a male given name
    3. a surname

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    龍
    りょう
    Jinmeiyō
    kan’on
    Alternative spelling
    竜

    From Middle Chinese 龍 (MC lɨoŋ).

    The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    龍(りょう) • (ryō)  (kyūjitai, shinjitai 竜)

    1. Kyūjitai form of 竜: (rare or in Chinese contexts) a Chinese dragon

    Affix[edit]

    龍(りょう) • (ryō)  (kyūjitai, shinjitai 竜)

    1. Kyūjitai form of 竜: dragon
    2. Kyūjitai form of 竜: hero
    3. Kyūjitai form of 竜: imperial
    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    龍
    たつ
    Jinmeiyō
    kun’yomi
    Alternative spelling
    竜

    ⟨tatu⟩ → /tat͡su/

    From Old Japanese.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    龍(たつ) • (tatsu)  (kyūjitai, shinjitai 竜)

    1. Kyūjitai form of 竜: (mythology) a Japanese dragon
      • 931–938, Minamoto no Shitagō, Wamyō Ruijushō (book 19)
        龍　文字集略云：「龍（力鍾反。和名：太都）四足五采甚有神靈者也。」白虎通云：「鱗虫三百六十六而龍爲之長也。」
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    Derived terms[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 龍 (MC lɨoŋ). Recorded as Middle Korean 료ᇰ (Yale: lyong) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    龍 (eumhun 용 룡 (yong ryong), South Korea 용 용 (yong yong))

    1. Hanja form? of 룡/용 (“dragon”).

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    Old Japanese[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    Possibly from the verb 立つ (tatu, “to rise, stand”).

    Noun[edit]

    龍 (tatu) (kana たつ)

    1. a Japanese dragon

    Usage notes[edit]

    Also used once phonetically as a 借訓 (shakkun) for ⟨tatu⟩.

    Derived terms[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    • Japanese: 竜, 龍 (tatsu)

    Pai-lang[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    Coblin, reconstructing the Pai-lang pronunciation as *gljung, suggests that it derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kl(j)u(ŋ/k) (“river, gorge”) and retains its consonant cluster, which was lost in Proto-Lolo-Burmese. Compare Tibetan ལྗོངས (ljongs), Chinese 谷 (OC *kloːɡ).

    Noun[edit]

    龍 (*gljung)

    1. gorge

    References[edit]

    • W. South Coblin, "A New Study of the Pai-lang Songs" (1979), Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, 12:179–216
    • Christopher I. Beckwith, "The Pai-lang songs: The earliest texts in a Tibeto-Burman language and their Late Old Chinese transcriptions" (2008), in Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages III

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    龍: Hán Việt readings: long (盧(lô)容(dung)切(thiết))[2][3][4][1][5]
    龍: Nôm readings: long[2][3][1][6], lung[2][3][7], lỏng[7][5][6], lúng[7][1], luông[3], luồng[7]

    1. Hán tự form of long (“dragon”).
    1. Hán tự form of Long (“A male given name”).

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Bonet (1899).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn (2014).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    4. ^ Trần (2004).
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Génibrel (1898).
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
    7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Hồ (1976).
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