龍
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Translingual[edit]
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Traditional | 龍 |
|---|---|
| Shinjitai | 竜 |
| Simplified | 龙 |
Han character[edit]
龍 (radical 212 龍+0, 16 strokes, cangjie input 卜月卜尸心 (YBYSP), four-corner 01211)
- Kangxi radical #212, ⿓ (“dragon”).
Derived characters[edit]
Descendants[edit]
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 1536, character 33
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 48818
- Dae Jaweon: page 2076, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 7, page 4803, character 1
- Unihan data for U+9F8D
Chinese[edit]
| trad. | 龍 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 龙 | |
| alt. forms | ||
Glyph origin[edit]
| Historical forms of the character 龍
|
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|---|---|---|---|
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Large seal script | Small seal script |
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 |
 |
 |
| Characters in the same phonetic series (龍) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 驡 | *ʔslaːŋʔ, *roŋ |
| 龐 | *broːŋ |
| 瀧 | *rroːŋ, *sroːŋ, *roːŋ |
| 籠 | *roːŋ, *roːŋʔ, *roŋ |
| 豅 | *roːŋ |
| 朧 | *roːŋ, *roŋs |
| 龓 | *roːŋ, *roːŋʔ |
| 聾 | *roːŋ |
| 礱 | *roːŋ, *roːŋs |
| 嚨 | *roːŋ |
| 蘢 | *roːŋ, *roŋ |
| 櫳 | *roːŋ |
| 襱 | *roːŋ, *roːŋʔ, *r'oŋʔ |
| 瓏 | *roːŋ |
| 曨 | *roːŋ, *roːŋʔ |
| 鸗 | *roːŋ, *roŋ |
| 蠪 | *roːŋ |
| 巃 | *roːŋʔ |
| 竉 | *roːŋʔ |
| 攏 | *roːŋʔ |
| 儱 | *roːŋʔ, *roŋs |
| 龍 | *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ |
| 躘 | *roŋ, *roŋs |
| 隴 | *roŋʔ |
| 壠 | *roŋʔ |
| 壟 | *roŋʔ |
| 寵 | *r̥ʰoŋʔ |
| 龏 | *kloŋ, *kloŋs, *qroːɡ |
Pictogram (象形) – originally a serpent with prominent whiskered mouth and eyes.
Current form developed in large seal script, with serpent’s body on right (tail at upper right, legs on right), whiskered/fanged mouth at lower left, and eyes/crown at upper left. Left side was subsequently simplified and abstracted, with some influence of 立 and ⺼/月. Note that 竜 existed as a traditional variant dating back to large seal script, and figures a dragon seen face-on, rather than curled around.
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-bru(ŋ/k) (“dragon; thunder”). Cognate with Tibetan འབྲུག ('brug, “dragon; thunder”). The STEDT database also lists 隆 (OC *ɡ·ruːŋ, “thunder; sound of thunder”) and 雹 (OC *bruːɡ, “hail”) as cognates. Also compare 靐 (OC *brɯŋs, “sound of thunder”) and 霹靂 (“thunder”).
This word is found in many languages of the region. Compare Proto-Hmong-Mien *-roŋ (“dragon”) (White Hmong zaj), Proto-Vietic *-roːŋ (“dragon”) (Vietnamese rồng), Vietnamese thuồng luồng (“serpent-like monster”), Khmer រោង (roŭng, “year of the dragon”), Thai มะโรง (má-roong, “dragon; year of the dragon”), Lao ມະໂລງ (ma lōng, “year of the dragon”).
Pronunciation[edit]
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): lung4
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): liùng
- Min Dong (BUC): lṳ̀ng
- Min Nan
- Wu (Wiktionary): lon (T3)
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄥˊ
- Wade-Giles: lung2
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: long
- IPA (key): /lʊŋ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: lung4
- Yale: lùhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: lung4
- Guangdong Romanization: lung4
- IPA (key): /lʊŋ²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: liùng
- Hakka Romanization System: liungˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: liung2
- IPA: /li̯uŋ¹¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: lṳ̀ng
- IPA (key): /l̃yŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, mainstream Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, mainstream Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Hsinchu, Kinmen, Lukang, Magong, Tainan, mainstream Taiwanese, Xiamen)
- (Hokkien: Taichung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liâng
- Tâi-lô: liâng
- Phofsit Daibuun: liaang
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngúi
- Tâi-lô: nguí
- Phofsit Daibuun: nguie
- IPA (Quanzhou): /ŋuĩ⁵⁵⁴/
- liông - literary;
- lêng - vernacular;
- gêng/liâng/ngúi - vernacular (only used in 龍眼).
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: lêng5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lêng
- IPA (key): /leŋ⁵⁵/
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: lon (T3)
- IPA (key): /lʊŋ²³/
- (Shanghainese)
-
Dialectal data▼
| Variety | Location | 龍 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /luŋ³⁵/ |
| Harbin | /luŋ²⁴/ | |
| Tianjin | /luŋ⁴⁵/ | |
| Jinan | /luŋ⁴²/ | |
| Qingdao | /ləŋ⁴²/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /luŋ⁴²/ /lyuŋ⁴²/ |
|
| Xi'an | /luŋ²⁴/ | |
| Xining | /luə̃²⁴/ | |
| Yinchuan | /luŋ⁵³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /lũn⁵³/ | |
| Ürümqi | /luŋ⁵¹/ | |
| Wuhan | /noŋ²¹³/ | |
| Chengdu | /noŋ³¹/ | |
| Guiyang | /noŋ²¹/ | |
| Kunming | /loŋ³¹/ | |
| Nanjing | /loŋ²⁴/ | |
| Hefei | /ləŋ⁵⁵/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /luəŋ¹¹/ |
| Pingyao | /luŋ¹³/ | |
| Hohhot | /lũŋ³¹/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /loŋ²³/ |
| Suzhou | /loŋ¹³/ | |
| Hangzhou | /loŋ²¹³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /liɛ³¹/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /lʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Tunxi | /lin⁴⁴/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /loŋ¹³/ |
| Xiangtan | /nən¹²/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /luŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /liuŋ¹¹/ |
| Taoyuan | /lioŋ¹¹/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /loŋ²¹/ |
| Nanning | /luŋ²¹/ | |
| Hong Kong | /luŋ²¹/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) | /liɔŋ³⁵/ /liŋ³⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /lyŋ⁵³/ | |
| Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /lœyŋ³³/ | |
| Shantou (Min Nan) | /loŋ⁵⁵/ /leŋ⁵⁵/ |
|
| Haikou (Min Nan) | /loŋ³¹/ /liaŋ³¹/ |
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 龍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 力鍾切 |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/lɨoŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/lioŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/lioŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/luawŋ/ |
| Li Rong |
/lioŋ/ |
| Wang Li |
/lĭwoŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/li̯woŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
lóng |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 龍 | 龍 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 8436 | 8763 |
| Phonetic component |
龍 | 尨 |
| Rime group |
東 | 東 |
| Rime subdivision |
0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
龍 | 厖 |
| Old Chinese |
/*b·roŋ/ | /*mroːŋ/ |
| Notes | 同狵 | |
Definitions[edit]
龍
- (mythology) Chinese dragon
- (mythology) Western dragon
- (figuratively) emperor; sovereign; king; of the emperor
- (figuratively) chief; hero; towering figure
- (by extension) dragon-shaped object; long object
- (by extension) dragon-adorned object
- (zoology) Short for 恐龍／恐龙 (kǒnglóng, “dinosaur”).
- (Min Dong) to become clear-minded; to be revitalised
- A surname.
Compounds[edit]
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 竜)
Readings[edit]
- Goon: りゅう (ryū)
- Kan’on: りょう (ryō)
- Kan’yōon: ろう (rō)
- Kun: たつ (tatsu)
- Nanori: かみ (kami), きみ (kimi), しげみ (shigemi), とお (tō), とおる (tōru), めぐむ (megumu)
Usage notes[edit]
Kyūjitai; simplified into 竜 as isolated shinjitai kanji, but used in Jōyō characters 襲 and 籠 (latter Jōyō as of 2010).
Noun[edit]
龍 (kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai kanji 竜, hiragana たつ, rōmaji tatsu)
- dragon
- 931–938, Wamyō Ruijushō, book 8, page 1:
- 龍 文字集畧云、龍、力鍾反、太都、○下總本有和名二字、神代紀齋明紀同訓、按太都 [...]
- 931–938, Wamyō Ruijushō, book 8, page 1:
龍 (kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai kanji 竜, hiragana りゅう, rōmaji ryū)
Proper noun[edit]
龍 (kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai kanji 竜, hiragana りゅう, rōmaji Ryū)
- A male given name
- A surname.
References[edit]
- Minamoto, Shitagō; Kyōto Daigaku Bungakubu Kokugogaku Kokubungaku Kenkyūshitu (931–938) Shohon Shūsei Wamyō Ruijushō: Honbunhen (in Japanese), Kyōto: Rinsen, ISBN 978-4-653-00507-0, published 1968.
Korean[edit]
Hanja[edit]
龍 • (ryong>yong, rong>nong, mang, chong)
compounds[edit]
- 청룡 (cheongnyong)(靑龍) Green dragon
- 용문 (yongmun)(龍門) dragon gate (folk tale : If snake passes this gate, it becames a dragon)
- 용왕 (yong-wang)(龍王) the Dragon King
- 용산 (yongsan)(龍山) Yongsan city
- 용인 (yong-in)(龍仁) Yongin city
- 용수철 (yongsucheol)(龍鬚鐵) spring
- 등용문 (deung-yongmun)(登龍門) gateway
- 용두사미 (yongdusami)(龍頭蛇尾) anticlimax, dragon head and snake tail
- 공룡 (gongnyong)(恐龍) dinosaur
Pai-lang[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Coblin, reconstructing the Pai-lang pronunciation as *gljung, suggests that it derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kl(j)u(ŋ/k) (“river, gorge”) and retains its consonant cluster, which was lost in Proto-Lolo-Burmese. Compare Tibetan ལྗོངས (ljongs), Chinese 谷 (OC *kloːɡ).
Noun[edit]
龍 (*gljung)
External sources[edit]
- W. South Coblin, "A New Study of the Pai-lang Songs" (1979), Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, 12:179–216
- Christopher I. Beckwith, "The Pai-lang songs: The earliest texts in a Tibeto-Burman language and their Late Old Chinese transcriptions" (2008), in Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages III
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
龍 (long, lỏng, lung, lúng, luồng)
- dragon
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
- Han script characters
- CJK Compatibility Ideographs block
- CJKV characters simplified differently in Japan and China
- Han character radicals
- CJKV radicals
- Han pictograms
- Chinese terms inherited from Proto-Sino-Tibetan
- Chinese terms derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan
- Mandarin terms with audio links
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Hakka lemmas
- Min Dong lemmas
- Min Nan lemmas
- Wu lemmas
- Chinese nouns
- Mandarin nouns
- Cantonese nouns
- Hakka nouns
- Min Dong nouns
- Min Nan nouns
- Wu nouns
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese hanzi
- Middle Chinese lemmas
- Old Chinese lemmas
- Chinese Han characters
- zh:Mythology
- zh:Zoology
- Chinese short forms
- Min Dong Chinese
- Chinese surnames
- Japanese Han characters
- Kanji used for names
- Japanese kanji read as ろう
- Japanese kanji read as りょう
- Japanese kanji read as りゅう
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese nouns
- Japanese terms spelled with jinmeiyō kanji
- Japanese terms written with one Han script character
- Japanese terms spelled with 龍
- Japanese proper nouns
- Japanese given names
- Japanese male given names
- Japanese surnames
- ja:Mythological creatures
- Korean lemmas
- Korean Han characters
- Pai-lang terms derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan
- Pai-lang lemmas
- Pai-lang nouns
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters
