籠

See also: 笼 and 篭

籠 U+7C60, 籠 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7C60 ← 籟 [U+7C5F] CJK Unified Ideographs 籡 → [U+7C61]

Translingual

Traditional	籠
Shinjitai (extended)	篭
Simplified	笼

Han character

籠 (radical 118, 竹+16, 22 strokes, cangjie input 竹卜月心 (HYBP), four-corner 8821₁, composition ⿱⺮龍)

Derived characters

• 𭍌, 𭟬, 𬅚, 𬎡, 𥸉

References

• KangXi: page 904, character 45
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 26752
• Dae Jaweon: page 1329, character 33
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3031, character 3
• Unihan data for U+7C60

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Chinese

trad.		籠
simp.		笼
alternative forms		篭

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (龍) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
驡	*ʔslaːŋʔ, *roŋ
龐	*broːŋ
瀧	*rroːŋ, *sroːŋ, *roːŋ
籠	*roːŋ, *roːŋʔ, *roŋ
豅	*roːŋ
朧	*roːŋ, *roŋs
龓	*roːŋ, *roːŋʔ
聾	*roːŋ
礱	*roːŋ, *roːŋs
嚨	*roːŋ
蘢	*roːŋ, *roŋ
櫳	*roːŋ
襱	*roːŋ, *roːŋʔ, *r'oŋʔ
瓏	*roːŋ
曨	*roːŋ, *roːŋʔ
鸗	*roːŋ, *roŋ
蠪	*roːŋ
巃	*roːŋʔ
竉	*roːŋʔ
攏	*roːŋʔ
儱	*roːŋʔ, *roŋs
龍	*b·roŋ, *mroːŋ
躘	*roŋ, *roŋs
隴	*roŋʔ
壠	*roŋʔ
壟	*roŋʔ
寵	*r̥ʰoŋʔ
龏	*kloŋ, *kloŋs, *qroːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *roːŋ, *roːŋʔ, *roŋ): semantic ⺮ + phonetic 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ).

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): lóng (long²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄥˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): lung⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): lûng

  (Meixian, Guangdong): lung¹

• Min Bei (KCR): lô̤ng
• Min Dong (BUC): lè̤ng / lùng
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): láng / lâng / lông / lóng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): lang⁵ / long⁵ / lêng⁵

• Wu (Wiktionary): lon (T3)

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: lóng
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄥˊ
    • Wade–Giles: lung2
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: long
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lóng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: lung⁴
    • Yale: lùhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lung⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: lung⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lûng
    • Hakka Romanization System: lung´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: lung¹
    • Sinological IPA: /luŋ²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: lung¹
    • Sinological IPA: /lʊŋ⁴⁴/
• Min Bei
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lô̤ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɔŋ³³/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: lè̤ng / lùng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃øyŋ⁵³/, /l̃uŋ⁵³/

Note:

• lè̤ng - vernacular;
• lùng - literary.

Min Nan

• (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: láng
  • Tâi-lô: láng
  • Phofsit Daibuun: larng
  • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /laŋ⁵³/
  • IPA (Kaohsiung): /laŋ⁴¹/
  • IPA (Quanzhou): /laŋ⁵⁵⁴/
• (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lâng
  • Tâi-lô: lâng
  • Phofsit Daibuun: laang
  • IPA (Kaohsiung): /laŋ²³/
  • IPA (Taipei): /laŋ²⁴/
• (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lông
  • Tâi-lô: lông
  • Phofsit Daibuun: loong
  • IPA (Taipei): /lɔŋ²⁴/
  • IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔŋ²³/
• (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lóng
  • Tâi-lô: lóng
  • Phofsit Daibuun: lorng
  • IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
  • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /lɔŋ⁵³/
  • IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔŋ⁴¹/

Note:

• láng, lâng - vernacular;
• lông, lóng - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: lang⁵ / long⁵ / lêng⁵
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lâng / lông / lêng
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /laŋ⁵⁵/, /loŋ⁵⁵/, /leŋ⁵⁵/

Note:

• lang5 - vernacular;
• long5 - literary;
• lêng5 - used in 籠床.

Wu

• (Shanghainese)
  • Wiktionary: lon (T3)
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ²³/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 籠
Mandarin	Beijing	/luŋ³⁵/
	Harbin	/luŋ²⁴/
	Tianjin	/luŋ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/luŋ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/ləŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/luŋ⁴²/
	Xi'an	/luŋ²⁴/ 蒸～ /luŋ⁵³/ ～子
	Xining	/luə̃²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/luŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/lũn⁴⁴²/
	Ürümqi	/luŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/noŋ²¹³/
	Chengdu	/noŋ³¹/
	Guiyang	/noŋ²¹/
	Kunming	/loŋ⁵³/
	Nanjing	/loŋ²⁴/
	Hefei	/ləŋ⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/luəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/luŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/lũŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/loŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/loŋ¹³/
	Hangzhou	/loŋ²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/loŋ³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/lʌ̃⁴⁴/
	Tunxi	/lan⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/loŋ¹³/
	Xiangtan	/nən¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/luŋ⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/luŋ⁴⁴/
	Taoyuan	/luŋ²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/loŋ²¹/
	Nanning	/luŋ²¹/
	Hong Kong	/luŋ²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/lɔŋ³⁵/ /laŋ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/løyŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/lɔŋ³³/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/laŋ⁵⁵/ /leŋ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/loŋ³³/ /laŋ³¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: /luŋ/

Rime
Character	籠
Reading #	1/3
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	東 (1)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	盧紅切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/luŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/luŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/luŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ləwŋ/
Li Rong	/luŋ/
Wang Li	/luŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/luŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lóng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lung4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*k.rˤoŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*roːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	籠
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lóng
Middle Chinese	‹ luwng ›
Old Chinese	/*k.rˁoŋ/
English	cage, coop
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	籠
Reading #	1/3
No.	8412
Phonetic component	龍
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	籠
Old Chinese	/*roːŋ/

Definitions

籠

1. bamboo-made implement for holding soil
2. bamboo-made cage (for animals); coop
3. bamboo container, holder, hoop, basket, steamer (for buns, dumplings), etc.

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): lóng (long²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄥˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): lung⁴
• Wu (Wiktionary): lon (T3)

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: lóng
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄥˊ
    • Wade–Giles: lung2
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: long
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lóng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: lung⁴
    • Yale: lùhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lung⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: lung⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ²¹/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: lon (T3)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: /lɨoŋ/

Rime
Character	籠
Reading #	2/3
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	力鍾切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɨoŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/lioŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/lioŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/luawŋ/
Li Rong	/lioŋ/
Wang Li	/lĭwoŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯woŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lóng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lung4

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*roŋ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	籠
Reading #	3/3
No.	8439
Phonetic component	龍
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	龍
Old Chinese	/*roŋ/

Definitions

籠

1. (～竹) A kind of bamboo produced in the Lingnan region of China.

Pronunciation 3

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): lǒng, lóng

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄥˇ, ㄌㄨㄥˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): lung⁵
• Min Dong (BUC): lē̤ng / lūng
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): láng / lóng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): lang² / long²

• Wu (Wiktionary): lon (T3)

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
    • Pinyin: lǒng
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄥˇ
    • Wade–Giles: lung3
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: loong
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lǒng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ²¹⁴/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
    • Pinyin: lóng
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄥˊ
    • Wade–Giles: lung2
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: long
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lóng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: lung⁵
    • Yale: lúhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lung⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: lung⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ¹³/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: lē̤ng / lūng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃øyŋ³³/, /l̃uŋ³³/

Note:

• lē̤ng - vernacular;
• lūng - literary.

Min Nan

• (Hokkien)
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: láng / lóng
  • Tâi-lô: láng / lóng
  • Phofsit Daibuun: larng, lorng
  • IPA (Xiamen): /laŋ⁵³/, /lɔŋ⁵³/
  • IPA (Quanzhou): /laŋ⁵⁵⁴/, /lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
  • IPA (Zhangzhou): /laŋ⁵³/, /lɔŋ⁵³/
  • IPA (Taipei): /laŋ⁵³/, /lɔŋ⁵³/
  • IPA (Kaohsiung): /laŋ⁴¹/, /lɔŋ⁴¹/

Note:

• láng - vernacular;
• lóng - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: lang² / long²
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: láng / lóng
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /laŋ⁵²/, /loŋ⁵²/

Note:

• lang2 - vernacular;
• long2 - literary.

Wu

• (Shanghainese)
  • Wiktionary: lon (T3)
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ²³/

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• Middle Chinese: /luŋ^X/

Rime
Character	籠
Reading #	3/3
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	東 (1)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	力董切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/luŋX/
Pan Wuyun	/luŋX/
Shao Rongfen	/luŋX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ləwŋX/
Li Rong	/luŋX/
Wang Li	/luŋX/
Bernard Karlgren	/luŋX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lǒng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lung5

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*k.rˤoŋʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*roːŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	籠
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lǒng
Middle Chinese	‹ luwngX ›
Old Chinese	/*k.rˁoŋʔ/
English	basket; cage
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	籠
Reading #	2/3
No.	8431
Phonetic component	龍
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	曨
Old Chinese	/*roːŋʔ/

Definitions

籠

1. to cover (all); to encompass; to include
2. to shroud; to envelop; to enshroud
3. to hide (one's hands, e.g. in the sleeves)
4. to twine; to wind; to tie up
5. to light (a fire); to kindle
6. large bamboo box; trunk

Compounds

Derived terms from 籠

• 不受籠絡／不受笼络
• 信籠／信笼
• 兜籠／兜笼
• 出籠／出笼 (chūlóng)
• 出籠鳥／出笼鸟
• 勞籠／劳笼
• 包籠／包笼
• 含煙籠霧／含烟笼雾
• 囚籠／囚笼 (qiúlóng)
• 回籠／回笼 (huílóng)
• 圓籠／圆笼
• 如鷹在籠／如鹰在笼
• 小籠包／小笼包 (xiǎolóngbāo)
• 手籠／手笼 (shǒulóng)
• 抱出籠／抱出笼
• 棉手籠／棉手笼
• 樊籠／樊笼 (fánlóng)
• 檻猿籠鳥／槛猿笼鸟
• 水晶燈籠／水晶灯笼
• 池魚籠鳥／池鱼笼鸟
• 流籠／流笼 (liúlóng)
• 火籠／火笼
• 烘籠／烘笼
• 煙籠霧鎖／烟笼雾锁
• 熏籠／熏笼

• 燈籠／灯笼 (dēnglóng)
• 燈籠褲／灯笼裤 (dēnglongkù)
• 燭籠／烛笼
• 牢籠／牢笼 (láolóng)
• 牢籠計／牢笼计
• 皮燈籠／皮灯笼
• 破籠／破笼
• 碧紗籠／碧纱笼
• 站籠／站笼
• 竹籠／竹笼
• 箱籠／箱笼 (xiānglǒng)
• 籠中之鳥／笼中之鸟
• 籠中窮鳥／笼中穷鸟
• 籠中鳥／笼中鸟
• 籠仗／笼仗
• 籠侗／笼侗
• 籠利／笼利
• 籠嘴／笼嘴
• 籠子／笼子 (lóngzi)
• 籠屜／笼屉 (lóngtì)
• 籠括／笼括
• 籠東／笼东
• 籠火／笼火
• 籠籠／笼笼

• 籠絆／笼绊
• 籠絡／笼络 (lǒngluò)
• 籠統／笼统 (lǒngtǒng)
• 籠罩／笼罩 (lǒngzhào)
• 籠蓋／笼盖
• 籠街喝道／笼街喝道
• 籠貫箱張／笼贯箱张
• 籠銅／笼铜
• 籠頭／笼头 (lóngtou)
• 籠驢把馬／笼驴把马
• 籠鳥檻猿／笼鸟槛猿
• 翻箱倒籠／翻箱倒笼
• 蒙籠／蒙笼
• 蒙籠暗碧／蒙笼暗碧
• 蒸籠／蒸笼 (zhēnglóng)
• 薰籠／薰笼
• 藥籠中物／药笼中物
• 豬籠草／猪笼草 (zhūlóngcǎo)
• 錦熏籠／锦熏笼
• 鐵籠／铁笼
• 雞籠／鸡笼 (jīlóng)
• 鳥籠／鸟笼 (niǎolóng)
• 鴿子籠／鸽子笼
• 黑咕籠咚／黑咕笼咚

---

Japanese

Kanji

Shinjitai	篭
Kyūjitai	籠

籠

(common “Jōyō” kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 篭)

Readings

• Go-on: る (ru)
• Kan-on: ろう (rō, Jōyō)
• Sō-on: ろん (ron)
• Kun: かご (kago, 籠, Jōyō); こむ (komu, 籠む); こめる (komeru, 籠める); こもる (komoru, 籠もる, Jōyō)
• Nanori: ごめ (gome); もり (mori)

Compounds

Compounds

• 籠球(ろうきゅう) (rōkyū)
• 籠居(ろうきょ) (rōkyo)
• 籠城(ろうじょう) (rōjō)
• 籠鳥(ろうちょう) (rōchō)
• 籠(ろう)絡(らく) (rōraku)
• 参籠(さんろう) (sanrō)
• 蒸(せい)籠(ろう) (seirō), 蒸(せい)籠(ろ) (seiro)
• 灯籠(どうろう) (dōrō, “lantern”)
• 尾籠(びろう) (birō)
• 薬(やく)籠(ろう) (yakurō)
• 蒸(チョン)籠(ロン) (chonron)
• 葛籠(つづら) (tsuzura)
• 魚籠(びく) (biku)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
籠
かご Grade: S
kun’yomi

Appears to be derived from a compound of an uncertain element ka and 籠 (ko) below, with ko changing to go as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Pronunciation

• Kun’yomi
• (Tokyo) かご [kàgó] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ka̠ɡo̞]

Noun

籠(かご) • (kago)  (kyūjitai, shinjitai 篭)

1. a cage
2. a basket

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 籠(かご)目(め) (kagome, “kagome lattice”)
• 篝(かがり)籠(かご) (kagarikago, “iron basket (for a fire)”)
• 屑(くず)籠(かご) (kuzukago)
• 竹(たけ)籠(かご) (takekago)
• 鳥(とり)籠(かご) (torikago, “birdcage”)

Proper noun

籠(かご) • (Kago)  (kyūjitai, shinjitai 篭)

1. a surname

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
籠
こ Grade: S
kun’yomi

⟨ko₁⟩ → /kʷo/ → /ko/

From Old Japanese.

Noun

籠(こ) • (ko)  (kyūjitai, shinjitai 篭)

1. a basket, especially one made of bamboo
2. Short for 伏せ籠 (fusego): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 籠手(こて) (kote)
• 籠(こ)もる, 隠(こも)る (komoru)
• 尾籠(おこ) (oko)
• 駕籠(かご) (kago)
• 旅(はた)籠(ご) (hatago)
• 伏(ふ)せ籠(ご) (fusego)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
籠
ろう Grade: S
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 籠 (MC luŋ) and 籠 (MC luŋ^X).

Noun

籠(ろう) • (rō) 

1. Alternative spelling of 牢 (rō): a jail, prison; a cage; food (usually meat) used in offerings

Affix

籠(ろう) • (rō) 

1. basket
2. bring in
3. seclude oneself

Derived terms

• 印籠(いんろう) (inrō)

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Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 籠 (MC luŋ, luŋ^X). Recorded as Middle Korean 로ᇰ〯 (Yale: lwǒng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɾo̞ŋ] ~ [no̞ŋ]
• Phonetic hangeul: [롱/농]

Hanja

Wikisource

籠 (eumhun 대바구니 롱 (daebaguni rong), South Korea 대바구니 농 (daebaguni nong))

1. Hanja form^? of 롱/농 (“basket”).

Compounds

Compounds

• 농성 (籠城, nongseong)
• 농락 (籠絡, nongnak)
• 농구 (籠球, nonggu)
• 장롱 (欌籠, jangnong)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

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Old Japanese

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

籠 (ko₁) (kana こ)

1. a basket, especially one made of bamboo
   • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 1, poem 1)

     籠毛与美籠母乳布久思毛與美夫君志持...

     ko₁ mo yo₂ mi₁-ko₁ moti pukusi mo yo₂ mi₁-bukusi moti...

     Girl with your basket, with your pretty basket, with your shovel, with your pretty shovel...

Derived terms

• 籠もる (ko₂moru)
• 御籠 (mi₁-ko₁)

Descendants

• Japanese: 籠 (こ, ko)

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Vietnamese

Han character

籠: Hán Nôm readings: lồng, lung, ruồng, luông, luồng

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.