過ぎる
Japanese
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 過 |
| す Grade: 5 |
| kun'yomi |
Etymology
[edit]From Old Japanese 過ぐ (sugu). First attested in the Kojiki of 712.[1]
Likely cognate with 挿げる (sugeru, “to pass a hole through something”), 直ぐ (sugu, “straight; soon”, adverb).
Reconstructed as deriving from Proto-Japonic *sunk-oi-.
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 上二段活用 (kami nidan katsuyō, “upper bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō, “upper monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -iru.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 過ぎる
| Plain | 過ぎる | すぎる | [sùgíꜜrù] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conjunctive | 過ぎて | すぎて | [súꜜgìtè] |
| Perfective | 過ぎた | すぎた | [súꜜgìtà] |
| Negative | 過ぎない | すぎない | [sùgíꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 過ぎなかった | すぎなかった | [sùgíꜜnàkàttà] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 過ぎれば | すぎれば | [sùgíꜜrèbà] |
| Past conditional | 過ぎたら | すぎたら | [súꜜgìtàrà] |
| Imperative | 過ぎろ 過ぎよ |
すぎろ すぎよ |
[sùgíꜜrò] [sùgíꜜyò] |
| Volitional | 過ぎよう | すぎよー | [sùgíyóꜜò] |
| Desiderative | 過ぎたい | すぎたい | [sùgítáꜜì] |
| Formal | 過ぎます | すぎます | [sùgímáꜜsù] |
| Formal negative | 過ぎません | すぎません | [sùgímáséꜜǹ] |
| Formal volitional | 過ぎましょう | すぎましょー | [sùgímáshóꜜò] |
| Formal perfective | 過ぎました | すぎました | [sùgímáꜜshìtà] |
| Continuative | 過ぎ 過ぎに |
すぎ すぎに |
[súꜜgì] [súꜜgì nì] |
| Negative continuative | 過ぎず 過ぎずに |
すぎず すぎずに |
[sùgíꜜzù] [sùgíꜜzù nì] |
| Passive | 過ぎられる | すぎられる | [sùgíráréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 過ぎさせる 過ぎさす |
すぎさせる すぎさす |
[sùgísáséꜜrù] [sùgísáꜜsù] |
| Potential | 過ぎられる 過ぎれる |
すぎられる すぎれる |
[sùgíráréꜜrù] [sùgíréꜜrù] |
Verb
[edit]過ぎる • (sugiru) intransitive ichidan (stem 過ぎ (sugi), past 過ぎた (sugita))
| Japanese verb pair | |
|---|---|
| active | 過ごす |
| mediopassive | 過ぎる |
- to pass by, to pass through; to go beyond
- あの子もおもちゃで遊ぶ年は過ぎるころだ。
- Ano ko mo omocha de asobu toshi wa sugiru koro da.
- He will soon be past playing with toys.
- あの子もおもちゃで遊ぶ年は過ぎるころだ。
- to elapse; to exceed
- あれから半年が過ぎた。
- Are kara hantoshi ga sugita.
- Half a year had passed since it had happened.
- あれから半年が過ぎた。
- to be excessive
- 解釈違いが過ぎる
- kaishaku chigai ga sugiru
- the difference in interpretation is too much
- 解釈違いが過ぎる
- (auxiliary, used with verbs and adjectives) too, too much
- その靴は高すぎる。
- Sono kutsu wa takasugiru.
- These shoes are too expensive.
- 大きすぎるからトランクに入らないぞ。
- Ōkisugiru kara toranku ni hairanai zo.
- Dude, it isn't going to fit into the trunk because it's too big.
- あまり酒を飲み過ぎるのは、危険だ。
- Amari sake o nomisugiru no wa, kiken da.
- It is dangerous to drink too much.
- その靴は高すぎる。
- (informal, used with nouns) Used for emphasis.
- 誰すぎる
- dare-sugiru
- literally who
- 誰すぎる
Usage notes
[edit]- When used as an auxiliary, it is usually written in kana: すぎる (sugiru).
- Can also be attached to adjectives in some situations
- When すぎる (sugiru) is attached to the end of other verbs and adjectives, it denotes the meaning of "too much".
- (verbs) The verb is directly attached to the stem or the continuative form (連用形 (ren'yōkei)) of the verb:
- (na-adjectives) The verb is simply attached to the adjectives:
- 静かすぎる (shizukasugiru); too quiet
- (i-adjectives) The last い (i) is removed before attaching the verb:
Conjugation
[edit]| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 過ぎ | すぎ | sugi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 過ぎ | すぎ | sugi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 過ぎる | すぎる | sugiru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 過ぎる | すぎる | sugiru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 過ぎれ | すぎれ | sugire |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 過ぎよ¹ 過ぎろ² |
すぎよ¹ すぎろ² |
sugiyo¹ sugiro² |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 過ぎられる | すぎられる | sugirareru |
| Causative | 過ぎさせる 過ぎさす |
すぎさせる すぎさす |
sugisaseru sugisasu |
| Potential | 過ぎられる 過ぎれる³ |
すぎられる すぎれる³ |
sugirareru sugireru³ |
| Volitional | 過ぎよう | すぎよう | sugiyō |
| Negative | 過ぎない 過ぎぬ 過ぎん |
すぎない すぎぬ すぎん |
suginai suginu sugin |
| Negative continuative | 過ぎず | すぎず | sugizu |
| Formal | 過ぎます | すぎます | sugimasu |
| Perfective | 過ぎた | すぎた | sugita |
| Conjunctive | 過ぎて | すぎて | sugite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 過ぎれば | すぎれば | sugireba |
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential
Related terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ “過”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- “過ぎる”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][2] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 過 read as す
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese terms with Nakadaka pitch accent (Tōkyō)
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation with pitch accent
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese intransitive verbs
- Japanese ichidan verbs
- Japanese kami ichidan verbs
- Japanese terms spelled with fifth grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms with usage examples
- Japanese auxiliary verbs
- Japanese informal terms