睪

See also: 睾

睪 U+776A, 睪 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-776A ← 睩 [U+7769] CJK Unified Ideographs 睫 → [U+776B]

Translingual

Han character

睪 (Kangxi radical 109, 目+8, 13 strokes, cangjie input 田中土廿十 (WLGTJ), four-corner 2640₁, composition ⿱罒幸)

Derived characters

• 凙(𪞝/𪞚), 㘁, 墿(𰉣/㘮), 嬕, 嶧(峄/𡵸), 懌(怿/𢗜), 擇(择/択), 澤(泽/沢), 曎, 檡(𰗛/𣏧), 殬, 燡(𰞇), 䐾, 䁺, 礋(𰦰), 䆁, 襗(𫋷), 繹(绎/䋇), 蠌(𰲵/蚇), 譯(译/訳), 醳(𰼅), 釋(释/釈), 鐸(铎/鈬), 䭞(𬲳), 驛(驿/駅)
• 斁(𭣧), 歝, 鸅(𱉟), 䕉, 䦴, 圛

Additional Derived Characters

• 𲑕, 𪫙, 𤢟(𤝢), 𨼸, 𪼢, 𥜃, 𥼶(𬖘), 𦔥, 𦡇, 𠓋, 𨆅(𬦫), 𤑹(𪹀), 𩍜, 𩏪(𩏽), 𩴮, 𩼓
• 𣀇, 𱥦, 𤢕, 𦒡, 𫅌, 𩁇, 𢍰(𪪴), 𠪯, 𢋇, 𤻂, 𫾟

Related characters

• 睾 (Preferred form used for the pronunciation "gāo" in mainland China and Hong Kong)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 811, character 10
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23466
• Dae Jaweon: page 1226, character 9
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2918, character 6
• Unihan data for U+776A

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 睪
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (睪) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
斁	*ʔl'aːɡs, *l'aːɡs, *laːɡ
籜	*l̥ʰaːɡ
蘀	*l̥ʰaːɡ
鐸	*l'aːɡ
凙	*l'aːɡ
襗	*l'aːɡ, *rlaːɡ, *laːɡ
擇	*rlaːɡ
澤	*rlaːɡ
鸅	*rlaːɡ
蠌	*rlaːɡ
檡	*rlaːɡ, *hljaɡ
釋	*hljaɡ
繹	*laːɡ
睪	*neb, *laːɡ, *kuː
譯	*laːɡ
嶧	*laːɡ
懌	*laːɡ
驛	*laːɡ
醳	*laːɡ
圛	*laːɡ
墿	*laːɡ
燡	*laːɡ

Various explanations exist.

In oracle bone script there were two primary forms:

• (𬙜 = ⿱罒矢) Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 目 (“eye”) + 矢 (“arrow”), possibly meaning “to shoot” or “to see”.
• (⿱㚔廾 or ⿱㚔𠬜) Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 㚔 (“handcuffs”) + 廾 or 𠬜 (“pair of hands”) on each side, likely denoting “to release” (now written 釋), especially considering the position of hands in 𠬜 are facing away the handcuffs (Qiu, 1993; Chen, 2015).

Commonly used in bronze inscriptions to denote “to pick” (now written 擇) (ibid.), as 擇 (“to pick”) and 釋 (“to release”) are etymologically and semantically related (Yu and Yang, 2023 citing Liu, 2014). To the latter form, the composition 𢍰 with an eye (目) added appeared in as late as Eastern Zhou bronze inscriptions. It probably serves to fortify the denotion of picking (with eyes) (Chang, 2016; Yu and Yang, 2023). In the same period, a composition with hand omitted appeared, giving rise to the current glyph 目 (“eye”) + 㚔 (“handcuff”) (ibid.).

Etymology 1

trad.		睪
simp.		𠬤
alternative forms		𥇝 𥇡 𦎝 睾 𢍰 𥇝 𥇡 𦎝 睾 𢍰 𬙜

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yì (yi⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jik⁶
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): e̍k

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yì
    • Zhuyin: ㄧˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yì
    • Wade–Giles: i⁴
    • Yale: yì
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yih
    • Palladius: и (i)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /i⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: jik⁶
    • Yale: yihk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jik⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: yig⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɪk̚²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: e̍k
    • Tâi-lô: i̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ek
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /iɪk̚⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /iɪk̚²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /iɪk̚¹²¹/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /iɪk̚⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɪk̚⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: yek, nrjep

Rime
Character	睪	睪
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	以 (36)	娘 (12)
Final (韻)	昔 (123)	葉 (156)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	羊益切	尼輒切
Baxter	yek	nrjep
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jiᴇk̚/	/ɳˠiᴇp̚/
Pan Wuyun	/jiɛk̚/	/ɳᵚiɛp̚/
Shao Rongfen	/iæk̚/	/niæp̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/jiajk̚/	/ɳjiap̚/
Li Rong	/iɛk̚/	/njɛp̚/
Wang Li	/jĭɛk̚/	/nĭɛp̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/i̯ɛk̚/	/ni̯ɛp̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yì	niè
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jik6	nip6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*laːɡ/, /*neb/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	睪	睪
Reading #	2/3	1/3
No.	15137	13887
Phonetic component	睪	幸
Rime group	鐸	盍
Rime subdivision	0	2
Corresponding MC rime	繹	聶
Old Chinese	/*laːɡ/	/*neb/

Definitions

睪

1. to spy on
2. a surname

Etymology 2

trad.		睪/睾*
simp.		睾*

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gāo, gǎo (gao¹, gao³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄠ, ㄍㄠˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gou¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): kâu

  (Meixian, Guangdong): gau¹

• Eastern Min (BUC): gŏ̤
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): ko / ko͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gao¹

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹kau

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gāo
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄠ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gao
    • Wade–Giles: kao¹
    • Yale: gāu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gau
    • Palladius: гао (gao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, variant)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gǎo
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄠˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gǎo
    • Wade–Giles: kao³
    • Yale: gǎu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gao
    • Palladius: гао (gao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑʊ̯²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gou¹
    • Yale: gōu
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gou¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: gou¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kou̯⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâu
    • Hakka Romanization System: gau^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gau¹
    • Sinological IPA: /kau̯²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: gau¹
    • Sinological IPA: /kau⁴⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gŏ̤
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ko⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko
    • Tâi-lô: ko
    • Phofsit Daibuun: koy
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ko⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘
    • Tâi-lô: koo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kof
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ³³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gao¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kau
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kau³³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹kau
    • MiniDict: kau^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹kau
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kɔ⁵³/

Definitions

睪

1. testicle

Usage notes

• In mainland China and Hong Kong, 睾 is the orthodox form.
• In Taiwan, 睪 is the orthodox form while 睾 is considered as one of its variant forms (異體字 / 异体字 (yìtǐzì)).

Compounds

• 副睪 / 副睾
• 副睪丸 / 副睾丸
• 提睪肌 / 提睾肌 (tígāojī)
• 牛睪 / 牛睾 (niúgāo)
• 睪丸 / 睾丸
• 睪固酮 / 睾固酮
• 睪酮 / 睾酮 (gāotóng)
• 附睪 / 附睾 (fùgāo)
• 隱睪 / 隐睾 (yǐngāo)
• 隱睪症 / 隐睾症 (yǐngāozhèng)
• 雞睪 / 鸡睾 (jīgāo)

Etymology 3

trad.		睪
simp.		𠬤

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gāo (gao¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄠ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gāo
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄠ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gao
    • Wade–Giles: kao¹
    • Yale: gāu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gau
    • Palladius: гао (gao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

---

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*kuː/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	睪
Reading #	3/3
No.	3784
Phonetic component	皋
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	髙
Old Chinese	/*kuː/
Notes	皐字注俗體，見靈樞

Definitions

睪

1. alternative form of 皋 (gāo, “tall; high”)

Compounds

• 睪如 / 𠬤如
• 睪然 / 𠬤然
• 睪牢 / 𠬤牢

Etymology 4

trad.		睪
simp.		𠬤

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gāo, hào (gao¹, hao⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄠ, ㄏㄠˋ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gāo
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄠ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gao
    • Wade–Giles: kao¹
    • Yale: gāu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gau
    • Palladius: гао (gao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hào
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄠˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hào
    • Wade–Giles: hao⁴
    • Yale: hàu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: haw
    • Palladius: хао (xao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɑʊ̯⁵¹/

Definitions

睪

1. alternative form of 皞 (hào, “vast and boundless”)

Compounds

• 睪睪 / 𠬤𠬤

Etymology 5

trad.		睪
simp.		𠬤

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zé (ze²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄗㄜˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zaak⁶

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zé
    • Zhuyin: ㄗㄜˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: zé
    • Wade–Giles: tsê²
    • Yale: dzé
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzer
    • Palladius: цзэ (czɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɤ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: zaak⁶
    • Yale: jaahk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzaak⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: zag⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡saːk̚²/

Definitions

睪

1. alternative form of 澤 / 泽 (zé, “Eupatorium”)

   See also: 澤蘭

Compounds

• 睪芷 / 𠬤芷
• 睪茝 / 𠬤茝

Etymology 6

For pronunciation and definitions of 睪 – see 擇 (“to select; to choose; to pick out; to pick up”). (This character is an ancient form of 擇).

Etymology 7

For pronunciation and definitions of 睪 – see 釋 (“to release; to set free; to discard; to dispel; to dissolve; to clear up; etc.”). (This character is an ancient form of 釋).

References

• “睪”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02784
• Chang, Yu-Wei (張宇衛) (2016), “再談皋、睪、㚖之關係”, in 淡江中文學報, number 34, →DOI, pages 1–38.
• Chen, Xuan-Wei (陳炫瑋) (2015), “與「㚔」相關構造字研究”, in 中正漢學研究, number 1, see pages 40–41.
• Qiu, Xi-gui (裘錫圭) (1993), “說殷墟卜辭的“奠”——試論商人處置服屬者的一種方法”, in 中央硏究院歷史語言硏究所集刊, volume 64, number 3, see page 666.
• Yu, Shaohong (俞绍宏); Yang, Yufan (杨语凡) (2023), ““皋”“睪”相混探因”, in 古汉语研究, number 1, pages 2–12.

Japanese

Kanji

睪

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• On (unclassified): えき (eki)、やく (yaku)、じょう (jō)、にょう (nyō)
• Kun: うかがいめる (ukagaimeru)

Korean

Hanja

睪 • (go) (hangeul 고, revised go, McCune–Reischauer ko, Yale ko)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.