洋

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洋 U+6D0B, 洋
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6D0B
← 洊
[U+6D0A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 洌 →
[U+6D0C]

Translingual

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Han character

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洋 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 水廿手 (ETQ), four-corner 38151, composition ⿰氵羊)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 619, character 28
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17363
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1014, character 19
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1615, character 11
  • Unihan data for U+6D0B

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 洋
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (羊) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
样 *ʔslaːŋ, *laŋ
佯 *zlaŋ, *laŋ
詳 *ljaŋ, *laŋ
洋 *ljaŋ, *laŋ
翔 *ljaŋ
庠 *ljaŋ
祥 *ljaŋ
痒 *ljaŋ, *laŋʔ
姜 *klaŋ
羌 *kʰlaŋ
蜣 *kʰlaŋ
猐 *kʰlaŋ
唴 *kʰlaŋs
羊 *laŋ
徉 *laŋ
烊 *laŋ
蛘 *laŋ, *laŋʔ
眻 *laŋ, *laŋs
鴹 *laŋ
恙 *laŋs
羕 *laŋs
樣 *laŋs
漾 *laŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljaŋ, *laŋ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 羊 (OC *laŋ).

Etymology

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“multitudinous; vast; ocean”
Schuessler (2007) compares it with Tibetan ཡངས་པ (yangs pa, “wide; extensive; vast; spacious”). In contrast, Starostin sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lɨ̆ŋ (“wave”), encompassing this and Tibetan ཀློང (klong, “space; expanse; wave”), Burmese လှိုင်း (hluing:, “wave; to abound; plentiful”).
Compare 羕 (OC *laŋs, “(of rivers) long”), 漾 (OC *laŋs, “waves; (of rivers) long”).
"vast expanse of flat land"
The same word as 陽 (OC *laŋ), which is a variant of 野 (OC *laːʔ, “plain”), used in 平陽／平阳 (píngyáng, “flat land”) and many place names in which 陽／阳 (yáng) does not seem to mean "south side of mountain or north side of river" (Pan, 2016). It is also the same word as 垟 (yáng), used in place names. Cognate with 浪 (làng), 塱 (lǎng), 埌 (làng) used in place names.

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • ieo2/iuⁿ2 - vernacular;
  • yong2/yeng2 - literary.
Note:
  • iûⁿ/iôⁿ - vernacular;
  • iông/iâng - literary.
Note:
  • ion5/iên5 - vernacular (iên5 - Chaozhou);
  • iang5 - literary.
Note: 2ghan, 6ghan - alternative pronunciation, 洋鈿／洋钿.
Rime
Character 洋
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 以 (36)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 與章切
Baxter yang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/jɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/jiɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/iɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/jɨaŋ/
Li
Rong 		/iaŋ/
Wang
Li 		/jĭaŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/i̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yáng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		joeng4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 洋
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yáng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ yang ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ɢ(r)aŋ/
English "great expanse of water"

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 洋
Reading # 2/2
No. 14536
Phonetic
component 		羊
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		陽
Old
Chinese 		/*laŋ/

Definitions

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洋

  1. multitudinous; vast
  2. ocean; vast area of sea; great expanse of water
    太平洋  ―  Tàipíngyáng  ―  the Pacific Ocean
  3. overseas; foreign; western; imported
    洋人  ―  yángrén  ―  foreigner (especially a westerner or Caucasian)
    洋蔥／洋葱  ―  yángcōng  ―  onion (literally, “Western green onion”)
  4. modern; stylish; fashionable
  5. novel; unusual
  6. (historical or Shanghainese) foreign money; dollar (Classifier: 隻／只 w)
    撥我三隻洋。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
    拨我三只洋。 [Shanghainese, simp.]
    From: 2007, Qian Nairong, 上海话大词典, page 29
    7peq 6ngu 1se-tsaq 6yan [Wugniu]
    Give me three dollars.
  7. (Min, Hakka, often in place names) plain; flatland
  8. (historical) A river in southern Shaanxi, China
  9. a surname

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (洋):
  • → Japanese: 洋(よう) (yō)
  • → Korean: 양(洋) (yang)
  • → Vietnamese: dương (洋)

Others:

Pronunciation 2

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Rime
Character 洋
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 邪 (17)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 似羊切
Baxter zjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/zɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ziɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ziɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/zɨaŋ/
Li
Rong 		/ziaŋ/
Wang
Li 		/zĭaŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/zi̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xiáng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		coeng4
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 洋
Reading # 1/2
No. 14525
Phonetic
component 		羊
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		詳
Old
Chinese 		/*ljaŋ/

Definitions

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洋

  1. † Alternative form of 翔 (xiáng, “to soar; wing; side”)
  2. † Alternative form of 祥 (xiáng, “good fortune; to bless”)
  3. † Alternative form of 祥 (xiáng, “gentle; tender”)
  4. † Alternative name for 彌河／弥河 (“Mi River in Shandong”).
  5. † (～州) Yang Prefecture (an ancient prefecture of Shaanxi, China)

Pronunciation 3

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Definitions

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洋

  1. † Only used in 洋洋, alternative form of 養養／养养 (“worried; anxious”)

References

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  • “洋”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “洋”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 299.
  • 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “洋”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 277.

Japanese

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Kanji

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洋

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. ocean
  2. foreign country
  3. the West
  4. vast, wide

Readings

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From Middle Chinese 洋 (MC yang, “ocean, West”):

  • Go-on: よう (yō, Jōyō)←やう (yau, historical)
  • Kan-on: よう (yō, Jōyō)←やう (yau, historical)

From Middle Chinese 洋 (MC zjang, “Mi River”):

Native Japanese readings:

Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
洋
よう
Grade: 3
on'yomi

/jɨau/ → /jɔː/ → /joː/

From Middle Chinese 洋 (MC yang). Compare modern Mandarin 洋 (yáng).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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洋(よう) • (yō) ←やう (yau)?

  1. an ocean
  2. (by extension, from the sense of across the ocean) the East (Orient) or especially the West (Occident)
Derived terms
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Derived terms
Idioms
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Proper noun

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洋(よう) • (Yō) ←やう (Yau)?

  1. a surname
  2. a male or female given name

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
洋
なだ
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.[2]

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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洋(なだ) • (nada) 

  1. Alternative spelling of 灘 (nada): the open sea

Proper noun

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洋(なだ) • (Nada) 

  1. a surname

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
洋
ひろし
Grade: 3
irregular

Nominalization of the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) of classical adjective 広し (hiroshi), modern 広い (hiroi, “vast, wide”).

Pronunciation

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Proper noun

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洋(ひろし) • (Hiroshi) 

  1. a surname
  2. a male or female given name

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^
    c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 17, poem 3893:
    , text here

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 洋 (MC yang). Recorded as Middle Korean 야ᇰ (yang) (Yale: yang) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

洋 (eumhun 큰 바다 양 (keun bada yang))

  1. hanja form? of 양 (“ocean; western”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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洋: Hán Nôm readings: dương

  1. chữ Hán form of dương (“ocean”).
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