湩

湩	U+6E69, 湩 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E69

Translingual

Han character

湩 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+9, 12 strokes, Cangjie input 水竹十土 (EHJG), four-corner 3211₄, composition ⿰氵重)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 638, character 7
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17864
Dae Jaweon: page 1045, character 2
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1680, character 2
Unihan data for U+6E69

Chinese

simp. and trad.		湩
alternative forms		𡥿𧳮𮠵𡦢𠄉𡥿𧳮𮠵𡦢𠄉𮡕𡣢𮙬𭓜

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 湩
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (重) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
撞	rdoːŋ, rdoːŋs
幢	rdoːŋ, rdoːŋs
橦	rdoːŋ, doːŋ, *tjoŋ
噇	*rdoːŋ
𩪘	*rdoːŋ
艟	rdoːŋs, tʰjoŋ
憧	rdoːŋs, tʰjoŋ
畽	tʰoːnʔ, tʰuːnʔ
董	*toːŋʔ
蕫	toːŋʔ, doːŋ
箽	*toːŋʔ
懂	*toːŋʔ
湩	toːŋs, tuːŋʔ, *toŋs
曈	tʰoːŋ, tʰoːŋʔ, *doːŋ
童	*doːŋ
僮	*doːŋ
瞳	*doːŋ
罿	doːŋ, tʰjoŋ
犝	*doːŋ
潼	doːŋ, tʰjoŋ
穜	doːŋ, doŋ
動	*doːŋʔ
慟	*doːŋs
堹	*toŋs
諥	*toŋs
蹱	tʰoŋ, tʰoŋs, *tjoŋ
重	doŋ, doŋʔ, *doŋs
緟	doŋ, doŋs
蝩	*doŋ
褈	doŋ, tʰjoŋ
鐘	tjoŋ, tjoŋ
鍾	*tjoŋ
籦	*tjoŋ
種	tjoŋʔ, tjoŋs
腫	*tjoŋʔ
踵	*tjoŋʔ
歱	*tjoŋʔ
喠	tjoŋʔ, tʰjoŋʔ
偅	*tjoŋs
衝	*tʰjoŋ
揰	*tʰjoŋs
尰	*djoŋʔ

Etymology

Perhaps related to Arin téŋul (“milk”, literally “nipple-water”), Pumpokol den (“milk”), from Proto-Yeniseian *den (“female nipple”).^[1]^[2]^[3] Vovin and Dybo propose a derivation from a Xiongnu term, which they reconstruct as *ḍ(r)ung^[4] or *ṭoŋh,^[5] respectively.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): dòng, zhòng (dong⁴, zhong⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄥˋ, ㄓㄨㄥˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): dung⁶ / dung³ / zung³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: dòng
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: dòng
  - Wade–Giles: tung⁴
  - Yale: dùng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: donq
  - Palladius: дун (dun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zhòng
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhòng
  - Wade–Giles: chung⁴
  - Yale: jùng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jonq
  - Palladius: чжун (čžun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: dung⁶ / dung³ / zung³
  - Yale: duhng / dung / jung
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dung⁶ / dung³ / dzung³
  - Guangdong Romanization: dung⁶ / dung³ / zung³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ²²/, /tʊŋ³³/, /t͡sʊŋ³³/

Middle Chinese: towngX, tuwngH, trjowngH

Rime
Character	湩	湩	湩
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
Initial (聲)	端 (5)	端 (5)	知 (9)
Final (韻)	冬 (5)	東 (1)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I	III
Fanqie	都𪁪切	多貢切	竹用切
Baxter	towngX	tuwngH	trjowngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuoŋ^X/	/tuŋ^H/	/ʈɨoŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/tuoŋ^X/	/tuŋ^H/	/ʈioŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/toŋ^X/	/tuŋ^H/	/ȶioŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tawŋ^X/	/təwŋ^H/	/ʈuawŋ^H/
Li Rong	/toŋ^X/	/tuŋ^H/	/ȶioŋ^H/
Wang Li	/tuoŋ^X/	/tuŋ^H/	/ȶĭwoŋ^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tuoŋ^X/	/tuŋ^H/	/ȶi̯woŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dǒng	dòng	zhòng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dung²	dung³	zung³

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*toːŋs/, /*tuːŋʔ/, /*toŋs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	湩	湩	湩
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
No.	17436	17451	17454
Phonetic component	重	重	重
Rime group	東	終	東
Rime subdivision	0	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	涷	湩	湩
Old Chinese	/*toːŋs/	/*tuːŋʔ/	/*toŋs/

Definitions

湩

(obsolete) milk; koumiss
- 得漢食物皆去之，以示不如湩酪之便美也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  得汉食物皆去之，以示不如湩酪之便美也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Dé Hàn shíwù jiē qù zhī, yǐ shì bù rú dòng lào zhī biàn měi yě. [Pinyin]
  And he took Han food and threw it away, in order to show how it was not as good as milk and cream.
(literary) murky; turbid
(literary) drumbeat

Compounds

References

^ Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “*den”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 1, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 199
^ Pulleybank, Edwin George (1962), The Consonantal System of Old Chinese (Asia Major; 9), pages 239-265
^ Bonmann, Svenja; Fries, Simon (2025), “Linguistic Evidence Suggests That Xiōng-nú and Huns Spoke the Same Paleo-Siberian Language”, in Transactions of the Philological Society‎^[1], volume 0, →DOI, pages 1-24
^ Vovin, Alexander (2000), “Did the Xiong-nu Speak a Yeniseian Language?”, in Central Asiatic Journal‎^[2], volume 44, number 1, Harrassowitz Verlag, pages 87-104
^ Dybo, Anna (2014), “Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction”, in Tatarica‎^[3], volume 2, page 9: “湩 *ṭoŋh”

(Cantonese) “湩”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[4], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Vietnamese

Han character

湩: Hán Nôm readings: chòng

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References

Nom Foundation

[1] Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “*den”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 1, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 199

[2] Pulleybank, Edwin George (1962), The Consonantal System of Old Chinese (Asia Major; 9), pages 239-265

[3] Bonmann, Svenja; Fries, Simon (2025), “Linguistic Evidence Suggests That Xiōng-nú and Huns Spoke the Same Paleo-Siberian Language”, in Transactions of the Philological Society‎^[1], volume 0, →DOI, pages 1-24

[4] Vovin, Alexander (2000), “Did the Xiong-nu Speak a Yeniseian Language?”, in Central Asiatic Journal‎^[2], volume 44, number 1, Harrassowitz Verlag, pages 87-104

[Dybo-5] Dybo, Anna (2014), “Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction”, in Tatarica‎^[3], volume 2, page 9: “湩 *ṭoŋh”

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