灌

See also: 潅

灌 U+704C, 灌 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-704C ← 灋 [U+704B] CJK Unified Ideographs 灍 → [U+704D]

Translingual

Han character

灌 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+18 in traditional Chinese and Korean, 水+17 in mainland China and Japanese, 21 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 20 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, Cangjie input 水廿口土 (ETRG), four-corner 3411₄, composition ⿰氵雚)

Derived characters

• 𪈸, 𫕷

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 662, character 35
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18759
• Dae Jaweon: page 1071, character 30
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1786, character 13
• Unihan data for U+704C

Chinese

trad.		灌
simp. #		灌
2nd round simp.		浂

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (雚) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
觀	*koːn, *koːns
灌	*koːns
鸛	*koːns
瓘	*koːns
矔	*koːns, *kroːns
懽	*koːns, *qʰoːn
爟	*koːns
雚	*koːns
罐	*koːns
鑵	*koːns
歡	*qʰoːn
驩	*qʰoːn
貛	*qʰoːn
酄	*qʰoːn
獾	*qʰoːn
讙	*qʰoːn, *qʰon
嚾	*qʰoːns
權	*ɡron
顴	*ɡron
孉	*ɡron
蠸	*ɡron
虇	*kʰonʔ, *kʰons
勸	*kʰons

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *koːns): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 雚 (OC *koːns).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): guàn (guan⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄢˋ

  (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): guān

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gun³
• Gan (Wiktionary): guon⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): kon

  (Hailu, HRS): gon^ˇ

  (Meixian, Guangdong): guon⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): guan³
• Northern Min (KCR): go̤̿ng
• Eastern Min (BUC): guáng
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): guang⁴ / guong⁴
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): koàn

  (Teochew, Peng'im): guang³ / guêng³

• Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁵kuoe / ⁵kue / ⁵kuon / ⁵kuoen / ⁵kun
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gonn⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: guàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: guàn
    • Wade–Giles: kuan⁴
    • Yale: gwàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guann
    • Palladius: гуань (guanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku̯än⁵¹/
  • (Xi'an)
    • Guanzhong Pinyin: guān
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuã⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gun³
    • Yale: gun
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gun³
    • Guangdong Romanization: gun³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuːn³³/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: guon⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuɵn³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kon
    • Hakka Romanization System: gon
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gon⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kon⁵⁵/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: gon^ˇ
    • Sinological IPA: /kon¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: guon⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kuɔn⁵³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: guan³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /kuæ̃⁴⁵/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: go̤̿ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔŋ³³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: guáng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuɑŋ²¹³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: guang⁴
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gua̍ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuaŋ⁴²/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: guong⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuoŋ⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koàn
    • Tâi-lô: kuàn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: koaxn
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kuan²¹/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kuan⁴¹/
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kuan²¹/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kuan¹¹/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kuan²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: guang³ / guêng³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kuàng / kuèng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuaŋ²¹³/, /kueŋ²¹³/

Note:

• guang3 - Shantou;
• guêng3 - Chaozhou.

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou, Changzhou, Jiaxing)
    • Wugniu: ⁵kuoe
    • MiniDict: kuoe^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²kuoe
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kuø³⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /kuø⁵²³/
    • Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /kuɵ⁵²³/
    • Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /kuɤə³³⁴/
  • (Northern: Jiading, Songjiang, Chongming)
    • Wugniu: ⁵kue
    • MiniDict: kuie^去
    • MiniDict: kue^去
    • Sinological IPA (Jiading): /kuɪ³⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /kue³⁵/
    • Sinological IPA (Chongming): /kue³³/
  • (Northern: Hangzhou)
    • Wugniu: ⁵kuon
    • MiniDict: kuon^去
    • Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /kuõ⁴⁵/
  • (Northern: Shaoxing)
    • Wugniu: ⁵kuoen
    • MiniDict: kuoeon^去
    • Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /kuø̃³³/
  • (Northern: Ningbo, Zhoushan)
    • Wugniu: ⁵kun
    • MiniDict: kun^去
    • Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /kũ⁵⁵/
    • Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /kũ⁴⁴/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: gonn⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kõ⁴⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: kwanH

Rime
Character	灌
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	桓 (62)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古玩切
Baxter	kwanH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuɑnH/
Pan Wuyun	/kʷɑnH/
Shao Rongfen	/kuɑnH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kwanH/
Li Rong	/kuɑnH/
Wang Li	/kuɑnH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kuɑnH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	guàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gun3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[C.qʷ]ˤar-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*koːns/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	灌
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	guàn
Middle Chinese	‹ kwanH ›
Old Chinese	/*[C.qʷ]ˁar-s/
English	pour, drip
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	灌
Reading #	1/1
No.	4478
Phonetic component	雚
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	貫
Old Chinese	/*koːns/

Definitions

灌

1. to fill (with liquid); to pour
2. to irrigate; to water
3. to record (music)

   灌唱片  ―  guàn chàngpiàn  ―  to make a record

4. (Taiwan) to install (software)

   重灌軟體／重灌软体  ―  zhòngguàn ruǎntǐ  ―  to reinstall software

Synonyms

• (to irrigate):

edit

• 浸灌 (jìnguàn)
• 澆灌 / 浇灌 (jiāoguàn)
• 灌溉 (guàngài)

Compounds

• 倒灌 (dàoguàn)
• 冬灌
• 半灌木
• 叢灌 / 丛灌
• 噴灑灌溉 / 喷洒灌溉
• 如湯灌雪 / 如汤灌雪
• 如雷灌耳 (rúléiguàn'ěr)
• 抱甕灌圃 / 抱瓮灌圃
• 排灌
• 提灌
• 春灌
• 海水倒灌
• 淹灌
• 溝灌 / 沟灌 (gōuguàn)
• 漫灌
• 潛灌 / 潜灌
• 澆灌 / 浇灌 (jiāoguàn)
• 灌區 / 灌区
• 灌口二郎
• 灌唱片
• 灌園食力 / 灌园食力
• 灌夫罵坐 / 灌夫骂坐
• 灌救
• 灌木 (guànmù)
• 灌水 (guànshuǐ)
• 灌注 (guànzhù)
• 灌注器 (guànzhùqì)
• 灌溉 (guàngài)
• 灌溉工程
• 灌溉渠
• 灌滌 / 灌涤
• 灌漿 / 灌浆 (guànjiāng)
• 灌灌
• 灌瓜之義 / 灌瓜之义
• 灌籃 / 灌篮 (guànlán)
• 灌精兒 / 灌精儿
• 灌腸 / 灌肠
• 灌膿 / 灌脓
• 灌輸 / 灌输 (guànshū)
• 灌迷湯 / 灌迷汤
• 灌酒
• 灌醉 (guànzuì)
• 灌錄 / 灌录 (guànlù)
• 灌音
• 灌頂 / 灌顶 (guàndǐng)
• 灌香腸 / 灌香肠
• 灌黃湯 / 灌黄汤
• 畦溝灌溉 / 畦沟灌溉
• 盤灌法 / 盘灌法
• 絳灌 / 绛灌
• 罵坐灌夫 / 骂坐灌夫
• 自流灌溉
• 莽灌夫
• 負壺灌區 / 负壶灌区
• 輪流灌溉 / 轮流灌溉
• 醍醐灌頂 / 醍醐灌顶 (tíhúguàndǐng)
• 錄灌 / 录灌

References

• “灌”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• William Campbell (1913), A dictionary of the Amoy vernacular spoken throughout the prefectures of Chin-Chiu, Chiang-Chiu and Formosa (in Hokkien), 8th edition, Tainan: Taiwan Church Press, published 1961, →OCLC, page 351.
• 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “灌”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 81.

Japanese

Shinjitai (extended)	潅
Print standard	灌

Kanji

灌

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 潅)

1. to pour

Readings

• Go-on: かん (kan)^{←くわん (kwan, historical)}、がん (gan)^{←ぐわん (gwan, historical)}
• Kan-on: かん (kan)^{←くわん (kwan, historical)}
• Kun: そそぐ (sosogu, 灌ぐ)

Compounds

• 灌(かん)域(いき) (kan'iki)
• 灌(かん)園(えん) (kan'en)
• 灌(かん)漑(がい) (kangai)
• 灌(かん)灌(かん) (kankan)
• 灌(かん)所(じょ) (kanjo)
• 灌(かん)頂(じょう) (kanjō)
• 灌(かん)寖(しん), 灌(かん)浸(しん) (kanshin)
• 灌(かん)水(すい) (kansui)
• 灌(かん)注(ちゅう) (kanchū)
• 灌(かん)腸(ちょう) (kanchō) (浣(かん)腸(ちょう))
• 灌(かん)頂(ちょう) (kanchō)
• 灌(かん)田(でん) (kanden)
• 灌(かん)仏(ぶつ) (kanbutsu)
• 灌(かん)仏(ぶつ)会(え) (kanbutsue)
• 灌(かん)木(ぼく) (kanboku)
• 灌(かん)莽(もう) (kanmō)
• 灌(かん)沐(もく) (kanmoku)
• 灌(かん)輸(ゆ) (kan'yu)
• 灌(かん)沃(よく) (kan'yoku)
• 漑(がい)灌(かん) (gaikan)
• 澆(ぎょう)灌(かん) (gyōkan)
• 浸(しん)灌(かん) (shinkan)
• 沃(よっ)灌(かん) (yokkan)

Korean

Hanja

灌 • (gwan) (hangeul 관)

1. pour
2. water
3. irrigate, flood

Vietnamese

Han character

灌: Hán Nôm readings: quán

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.