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See also: and
U+4EE3, 代
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EE3

[U+4EE2]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+4EE4]
U+3239, ㈹
PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH REPRESENT

[U+3238]
Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
[U+323A]

Translingual

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Stroke order
5 strokes

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 9, +3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 人戈心 (OIP), four-corner 23240, composition )

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 93, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 386
  • Dae Jaweon: page 197, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 113, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4EE3

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • (Cantonese)
  • (Classical)

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts


References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *l'ɯːɡs) : semantic (person) + phonetic (OC *lɯɡ)

Etymology 1

[edit]
state's name → toponym
This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Is (OC *lˤək-s) related to (OC *lˤek, “northern barbarians”), the Spring and Autumn state's founders?”

Most of the people with this surname in Mainland China were originally with the surname (Dài) and was a result of second-round simplification of Chinese characters.

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • dô̤i - vernacular;
  • dâi - literary.
Note:
  • tē/tēr - vernacular;
  • tāi - literary;
  • tài - literary (limited, e.g. 交代 (jiāodài)).
Note:
  • do7 - vernacular ("generation / dynasty / period");
  • dai3 - literary (in 交代);
  • toi3 - semantic ("to act for/as").
Note:
  • tai5 - literary;
  • tai4 - colloquial.

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location
    Mandarin Beijing /tai⁵¹/
    Harbin /tai⁵³/
    Tianjin /tai⁵³/
    Jinan /tɛ²¹/
    Qingdao /tɛ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /tai³¹²/
    Xi'an /tai⁴⁴/
    Xining /tɛ²¹³/
    Yinchuan /tɛ¹³/
    Lanzhou /tɛ¹³/
    Ürümqi /tai²¹³/
    Wuhan /tai³⁵/
    Chengdu /tai¹³/
    Guiyang /tai²¹³/
    Kunming /tæ²¹²/
    Nanjing /tae⁴⁴/
    Hefei /te̞⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /tai⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /tæ³⁵/
    Hohhot /tɛ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /de²³/
    Suzhou /de̞³¹/
    Hangzhou /de̞¹³/
    Wenzhou /de²²/
    Hui Shexian /tʰɛ²²/
    Tunxi /tə¹¹/
    /ta⁴²/
    Xiang Changsha /tai⁵⁵/
    /tai¹¹/
    Xiangtan /tai⁵⁵/
    Gan Nanchang /tʰai²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /tʰoi⁵³/
    Taoyuan /tʰoi⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /tɔi²²/
    Nanning /tɔi²²/
    Hong Kong /tɔi²²/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /tai²²/
    /te²²/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /tɔy²⁴²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /to⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /tʰoi²¹³/
    /to³¹/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /ʔdai³⁵/
    /ʔdai³³/
    /ʔde²³/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial () (7)
    Final () (41)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () I
    Fanqie
    Baxter dojH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /dʌiH/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /dəiH/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /dɒiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /dəjH/
    Li
    Rong
    /dᴀiH/
    Wang
    Li
    /dɒiH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /dʱɑ̆iH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    dài
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    doi6
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    dài
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ dojH ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*lˁək-s/
    English replace

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 14963
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*l'ɯːɡs/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    1. to replace; to take the place of
    2. to act for; to do something on behalf of
    3. to act as; to be the acting (president etc.)
    4. generation; age group
    5. historical period; era
    6. date; age
    7. dynasty; line of rulers
    8. (geology) era (geochronologic unit)
    9. (grammar) Short for 代名詞代名词 (dàimíngcí); short for 代詞代词 (dàicí, “pronoun”).
    10. (historical geography) Short for 代國代国 (Dàiguó, “state of Dai”).
    11. a surname
    Synonyms
    [edit]
    • (generation): (shì)

    Compounds

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    Descendants

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    Sino-Xenic ():
    • Japanese: (だい) (dai)
    • Korean: 대(代) (dae)
    • Vietnamese: đại ()

    Others:

    Etymology 2

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    From (OC *zrɯs).

    Pronunciation

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    Definitions

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    1. (Southern Min) affair; matter

    Compounds

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    Etymology 3

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    For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“to wear something on the head; to carry on the head; etc.”).
    (This character is the second-round simplified form of ).
    Notes:

    References

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    Japanese

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    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja

    Kanji

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    (Third grade kyōiku kanji)

    Readings

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    Compounds

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    Etymology 1

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    Kanji in this term
    しろ
    Grade: 3
    kun'yomi

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    (しろ) (shiro

    1. (archaic) substitution
    2. (archaic) price, cost, charge
    3. (historical) shiro, a unit of land

    Etymology 2

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    Kanji in this term

    Grade: 3
    kun'yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
    3
    [noun] world, society
    [noun] this world, this life
    [noun] (archaic) generation, age, era
    [noun] lifetime
    [noun] lifespan
    [noun] time of year, season
    [noun] relationship between a man and a woman
    [noun] period of a person leading as a patriarch (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
    (This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 3

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    Kanji in this term
    だい
    Grade: 3
    on'yomi

    From Middle Chinese (MC dojH).

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    (だい) (dai

    1. price
    2. generation of a family
    3. reign of a royal
    4. decade
    5. era

    Counter

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    (だい) (-dai

    1. generation of a royal family
    2. era, age, decade

    Suffix

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    (だい) (-dai

    1. charge, fare, rate, fee, price, rent
      (ふく)(だい)
      fuku-dai
      money spent on clothes; clothes money
      菓子(かし)(だい)
      o-kashi-dai
      snack money; snack fee
    2. (indicating years spanning a specific period) -ies, -hundreds
    Alternative forms
    [edit]
    • (period of time):

    References

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    1. 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean

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    Etymology

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    From Middle Chinese (MC dojH).

    Pronunciation

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    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [tɛ(ː)] ~ [te̞(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)/(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja

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    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    (eumhun 대신할 (daesinhal dae))
    (eumhun 세대 (sedae dae))

    1. hanja form? of (to replace) [prefix; affix]
    2. hanja form? of (generation) [noun; suffix; affix]

    Compounds

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    References

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    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    : Hán Việt readings: đại ((đạc)(nại)(thiết))[1][2][3]
    : Nôm readings: đời[1][2][3][4][5], đãi[1][2][3], đại[1][2][5], dạy[1][2], dậy[1][2], rượi[3][4], đười[1], đợi[1]

    1. chữ Hán form of đại (representative).
    2. Nôm form of đời (life; world; generation; era).

    Compounds

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    References

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